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García-Lacuna J, Domínguez G, Pérez-Castells J. Flow Chemistry for Cycloaddition Reactions. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5138-5163. [PMID: 32662578 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow reactors form part of a rapidly growing research area that has changed the way synthetic chemistry is performed not only in academia but also at the industrial level. This Review highlights the most recent advances in cycloaddition reactions performed in flow systems. Cycloadditions are atom-efficient transformations for the synthesis of carbo- and heterocycles, involved in the construction of challenging skeletons of complex molecules. The main advantages of translating these processes into flow include using intensified conditions, safer handling of hazardous reagents and gases, easy tuning of reaction conditions, and straightforward scaling up. These benefits are especially important in cycloadditions such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), Diels-Alder reaction, ozonolysis and [2+2] photocycloadditions. Some of these transformations are key reactions in the industrial synthesis of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Lacuna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Domínguez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pérez-Castells
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28660, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Colella M, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Continuous Flow Synthesis of Heterocycles: A Recent Update on the Flow Synthesis of Indoles. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143242. [PMID: 32708643 PMCID: PMC7397031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole derivatives are among the most useful and interesting heterocycles employed in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. In addition, flow chemistry and flow technology are changing the synthetic paradigm in the field of modern synthesis. In this review, the role of flow technology in the preparation of indole derivatives is showcased. Selected examples have been described with the aim to provide readers with an overview on the tactics and technologies used for targeting indole scaffolds.
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Wang D, Zhao J, Chen J, Xu Q, Li H. Intramolecular Arylative Ring Opening of Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes in the Presence of Triflic Acid: Synthesis of 9
H
‐Fluorenes and 9,10‐Dihydrophenanthrenes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jun Chen
- Beijing Institute of Microchemistry No.15 Xinjiangongmen Road, Haidian District Beijing 100091 China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou University Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035 China
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Amini-Rentsch L, Vanoli E, Richard-Bildstein S, Marti R, Vilé G. A Novel and Efficient Continuous-Flow Route To Prepare Trifluoromethylated N-Fused Heterocycles for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Amini-Rentsch
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chemistry Technologies & Lead Discovery, Department of Drug Discovery Chemistry, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Fribourg, Institute of Chemical Technology, 80 boulevard de Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Ennio Vanoli
- University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Fribourg, Institute of Chemical Technology, 80 boulevard de Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Richard-Bildstein
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chemistry Technologies & Lead Discovery, Department of Drug Discovery Chemistry, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Roger Marti
- University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland (HES-SO), Haute Ecole d’Ingénierie et d’Architecture de Fribourg, Institute of Chemical Technology, 80 boulevard de Pérolles, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Chemistry Technologies & Lead Discovery, Department of Drug Discovery Chemistry, Hegenheimermattweg 91, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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Koenig SG, Leahy DK, Wells AS. Evaluating the Impact of a Decade of Funding from the Green Chemistry Institute Pharmaceutical Roundtable. Org Process Res Dev 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.8b00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G. Koenig
- Small Molecule Process Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David K. Leahy
- Process Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew S. Wells
- CTC Ltd., Parklands, Northage Close, Quorn, Leicestershire LE12 8AT, U.K
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Amine-Functionalized Sugarcane Bagasse: A Renewable Catalyst for Efficient Continuous Flow Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction at Room Temperature. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010043. [PMID: 29295557 PMCID: PMC5943943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A biomass-based catalyst with amine groups (–NH2), viz., amine-functionalized sugarcane bagasse (SCB-NH2), was prepared through the amination of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) in a two-step process. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized through FT-IR, elemental analysis, XRD, TG, and SEM-EDX techniques, which confirmed the –NH2 group was grafted onto SCB successfully. The catalytic performance of SCB-NH2 in Knoevenagel condensation reaction was tested in the batch and continuous flow reactions. Significantly, it was found that the catalytic performance of SCB-NH2 is better in flow system than that in batch system. Moreover, the SCB-NH2 presented an excellent catalytic activity and stability at the high flow rate. When the flow rate is at the 1.5 mL/min, no obvious deactivation was observed and the product yield and selectivity are more than 97% and 99% after 80 h of continuous reaction time, respectively. After the recovery of solvent from the resulting solution, a white solid was obtained as a target product. As a result, the SCB-NH2 is a promising catalyst for the synthesis of fine chemicals by Knoevenagel condensation reaction in large scale, and the modification of the renewable SCB with –NH2 group is a potential avenue for the preparation of amine-functionalized catalytic materials in industry.
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McLarney BD, Cavitt MA, Donnell TM, Musaev DG, France S. Rh II -Catalyzed β-C(sp 2 )-H Alkylation of Enol Ethers, Enamides and Enecarbamates with α-Diazo Dicarbonyl Compounds. Chemistry 2017; 23:1129-1135. [PMID: 27966244 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A RhII -catalyzed method for intermolecular alkylation of the β-C(sp2 )-H bond of enol ethers, enamides, and enecarbamates with α-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds is reported. The products are formed in up to 99 % yield and can be readily derivatized under a variety of conditions. By utilizing a combination of experimental and computational studies, the presumptive addition-elimination reaction mechanism was investigated and found to proceed under thermodynamic control at higher temperature. The acquired fundamental knowledge was translated into a strategic reaction design and yielded the first example of the β-C-H functionalizations of acyclic enol ethers using α-diazo-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett D McLarney
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Marchello A Cavitt
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Theodore M Donnell
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Djamaladdin G Musaev
- Cherry L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA.,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
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The chemistry of the carbon-transition metal double and triple bond: Annual survey covering the year 2015. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Itoh T, Nokami T, Kawatsura M. Recent Progress on Nazarov Cyclizations: The Use of Iron Salts as Catalysts in Ionic Liquid Solvent Systems. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1676-89. [PMID: 27219324 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nazarov cyclization is an important and versatile method for the synthesis of five-membered carbocycles, and extensive studies have been conducted to optimize the reaction. Among recent studies, several trends are recognized. One is the combination of different reactions with Nazarov cyclization in a one-pot reaction system which enables the preparation of unique cyclization products. The second is the use of a transition-metal catalyst, though Lewis or Brønsted acids have generally been used for the reaction. The third is the realization of the asymmetric Nazarov cyclization. The fourth is the base-catalyzed Nazarov cyclization. Furthermore, several useful protocols for realizing Nazarov cyclization have also been developed. The recent progress on Nazarov cyclizations is summarized in Section 2. Section 3 is our chronicle in this field. We focused on the use of iron as the catalyst in Nazarov cyclizations and ionic liquids as solvents: Nazarov cyclization of thiophene derivatives using FeCl3 as the catalyst was accomplished and we succeeded in demonstrating the first example of an iron-catalyzed asymmetric Nazarov reaction. We next established Nazarov cyclization of pyrrole or indole derivatives using Fe(ClO4 )3 ·Al2 O3 as the catalyst with high trans selectivities in excellent yields. Since the cyclized product was reacted with a vinyl ketone in the presence of the same iron salt, the system allowed realization of the sequential type of Nazarov/Michael reaction of pyrrole derivatives. Furthermore, we demonstrated the recyclable use of the iron catalyst and obtained the desired Nazarov/Michael reaction products in good yields for five repetitions of the reactions without any addition of the catalyst using an ionic liquid, [bmim][NTf2 ], as the solvent. We expect that the iron-catalyzed Nazarov cyclization, in particular, in an ionic liquid solvent might become a useful method to synthesize functional molecules that include cycloalkene moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Itoh
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-852, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering and Center for Research on Green Sustainable Chemistry, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-852, Japan
| | - Motoi Kawatsura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities and Science, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
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Martin≠ MC, Shenje≠ R, France S. The Catalytic, Formal Homo‐Nazarov Cyclization as a Template for Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201500099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cynthia Martin≠
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Raynold Shenje≠
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
| | - Stefan France
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry Georgia Institute of Technology 901 Atlantic Drive Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience Georgia Institute of Technology 315 Ferst Drive Atlanta Georgia 30332 USA
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Shafiee B, Hadian L, Khosropour AR. An innovation for development of Erlenmeyer–Plöchl reaction and synthesis of AT-130 analogous: a new application of continuous-flow method. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00301j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first micro-flow Erlenmeyer–Plöchl azlactone reaction and synthesis of N-benzoylglycine carbamide were established.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laleh Hadian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Isfahan
- Isfahan
- Iran
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