1
|
Yu Y, Xia W, Wang W, Wu Z, Chen H. PEG-functionalized aliphatic polycarbonate brushes with self-polishing dynamic antifouling properties. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 239:113936. [PMID: 38703556 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophilic antifouling polymers provide excellent antifouling effects under usual short-term use conditions, but the long-term accumulation of contaminants causes them to lose their antifouling properties. To overcome this drawback, surface-initiated ring-opening graft polymerization (SI-ROP) was performed on the surface of the material by applying the cyclic carbide monomer 4'-(fluorosulfonyl)benzyl-5-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxane-5-carboxylate (FMC), which contains a sulfonylfluoride group on the side chain, followed by a "sulfur(IV)-fluorine exchange" (SuFEx) post click modification reaction to link the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the polyFMC (PFMC) brush, and a novel antifouling strategy for self-polishing dynamic antifouling surfaces was developed. The experimental results showed that the antifouling surface could effectively prevent the adsorption of proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA, ∼96.4%), fibrinogen (Fg, ∼87.8%) and lysozyme (Lyz ∼69.4%) as well as the adhesion of microorganisms such as the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (∼87.5%) and HeLa cells (∼67.2%). Moreover, the enzymatically self-polished surface still has excellent antifouling properties. Therefore, this modification method has potential applications in the field of biosensors and novel antifouling materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Yu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Xia
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Wenjin Wang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zhaoqiang Wu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ali A, Ul Amin B, Yu W, Gui T, Cong W, Zhang K, Tong Z, Hu J, Zhan X, Zhang Q. Eco-friendly biodegradable polyurethane based coating for antibacterial and antifouling performance. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
3
|
Li D, Li K, Fang J. Research Progress on Modification and Application of Raw Lacquer. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 P. R. China
| | - Kun Li
- School of Mathematics and Computer Science Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 P. R. China
| | - Junfei Fang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Shaanxi University of Technology Hanzhong 723001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
ConspectusMarine organisms such as barnacle larvae and spores of algae adhere to underwater surfaces leading to marine biofouling. This phenomenon has numerous adverse impacts on marine industries and maritime activities. Due to the diversity of fouling organisms and the complexity of the marine environment, it is a huge challenge to combat marine biofouling, which limits the development and utilization of marine resources. Since the International Marine Organization banned the use of tributyltin self-polishing copolymer (SPC) coatings in 2008, the development of an environmentally friendly and efficient anti-biofouling polymer has been the most important task in this field. Tin-free SPC is a well-established and widely used polymer binder for anti-biofouling coating today. Being a nondegradable vinyl polymer, SPC exhibits poor anti-biofouling performance in static conditions. Even more, such nondegradable polymers were considered to be a source of microplastics by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 2019. Recently, numerous degradable polymers, which can form dynamic surface through main chain scission, have been developed for preventing marine biofouling in static conditions. Nevertheless, the regulation of their degradation and mechanical properties is limited, and they are also difficult to functionalize. A new polymer combining the advantages of vinyl polymers and degradable polymers is needed. However, such a combination is a challenge since the former are synthesized via free radical polymerization whereas the latter are synthesized via ring-opening polymerization.In this Account, we review our recent progress toward degradable vinyl polymers for marine anti-biofouling in terms of polymerization methods and structures and properties of polymers. First, we introduce the strategies for preparing degradable vinyl polymers with an emphasis on hybrid copolymerization. Then, we present the synthesis and performance of degradable and hydrolyzable polyacrylates, degradable polyurethanes with hydrolyzable side groups, and surface-fragmenting hyperbranched polymers. Polymers with degradable main chains and hydrolyzable side groups combine the advantages of SPC and degradable polymers, so they are degradable and functional. They are becoming new-generation polymers with great potential for preparing high-efficiency, long-lasting, environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum coatings to inhibit marine biofouling. They can also find applications in wastewater treatment, biomedical materials, and other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Pan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qiu H, Feng K, Gapeeva A, Meurisch K, Kaps S, Li X, Yu L, Mishra YK, Adelung R, Baum M. Functional Polymer Materials for Modern Marine Biofouling Control. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Dong M, Liu Z, Gao Y, Wang X, Chen J, Yang J. Synergistic effect of copolymeric resin grafted 1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2 H)-one and heterocyclic groups as a marine antifouling coating. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18787-18796. [PMID: 35478638 PMCID: PMC9033553 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01826d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to find a new type of antifouling coating with higher biological activity and more environmental protection, heterocyclic compounds and benzisothiazolinone were introduced into acrylic resin to prepare a new type of antifouling resin. In this study, a series of grafted acrylic resins simultaneously containing benzoisothiazolinone and heterocyclic monomers were prepared by the copolymerization of an allyl monomer with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and butyl acrylate (BA). Inhibitory activities of the copolymers against marine fouling organisms were also investigated. Results revealed that the copolymers exhibit a clear synergistic inhibitory effect on the growth of three seaweeds: Chlorella, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros curvisetus, respectively, and three bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio coralliilyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. In addition, the copolymers exhibited excellent inhibition against barnacle larvae. Marine field tests indicated that the resins exhibit outstanding antifouling potency against marine fouling organisms. Moreover, the introduction of the heterocyclic group led to the significantly enhanced antifouling activities of the resins; the addition of the heterocyclic unit in copolymers led to better inhibition than that observed in the case of the resin copolymerized with only the benzoisothiazolinone active monomer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Junhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Catalysis and Reaction Engineering of Haikou, College of Science, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
- Hainan Provincial Fine Chemical Engineering Research Center, Hainan University Haikou 570228 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ai X, Pan J, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. UV-curable hyperbranched poly(ester- co-vinyl) by radical ring-opening copolymerization for antifouling coatings. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00810b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UV-curable hyperbranched poly(ester-co-vinyl) has been prepared by radical ring-opening copolymerization of cyclic monomers and vinyl monomers, and it exhibits tunable degradation and fouling resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Jiansen Pan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gao M, Quan X, Wang J, Wang Z. Preparation and Characterization of Coatings Incorporated with Poly(aniline- co-nitroaniline) Nanoparticles Having Antifouling and Anticorrosion Behavior. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Quan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, PR China
- Zhuhai Nanometals Technology Co., Ltd, Zhuhai 519000, PR China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- CERC, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Preparation and synergistic antifouling effect of self-renewable coatings containing quaternary ammonium-functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 563:261-271. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
10
|
Gevaux L, Lejars M, Margaillan A, Briand JF, Bunet R, Bressy C. Hydrolyzable Additive-Based Silicone Elastomers: A New Approach for Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E305. [PMID: 30960289 PMCID: PMC6419558 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fouling Release Coatings are marine antifouling coatings based on silicone elastomers. Contrary to commonly used biocide-based antifouling coatings, they do not release biocides into the marine environment, however, they suffer from poor antifouling efficacy during idle periods. To improve their antifouling performances in static conditions, various amounts of hydrolyzable polymers were incorporated within a silicone matrix. These hydrolyzable polymers were chosen for the well-known hydrolytic degradation mechanism of their main chain, e.g. poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), or of their ester pending groups, e.g. poly(bis(trimethylsilyloxy)methylsilyl methacrylate) (PMATM2). The degradation kinetics of such hydrolyzable silicone coatings were assessed by mass loss measurements during immersion in deionized water. Coatings containing PMATM2 exhibited a maximum mass loss after 12 weeks, whereas PCL-based coatings showed no significant mass loss after 24 weeks. Dynamic contact angle measurements revealed the modifications of the coatings surface chemistry with an amphiphilic behavior after water exposure. The attachment of macrofoulers on these coatings were evaluated by field tests in the Mediterranean Sea, demonstrating the short or long-term antifouling effect of these hydrolyzable polymers embedded in the silicone matrix. The settlement of A. amphitrite barnacles on the different coatings indicated inhospitable behaviors towards larval barnacles for coatings with at least 15 wt % of additives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laure Gevaux
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Marlène Lejars
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - André Margaillan
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Jean-François Briand
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| | - Robert Bunet
- Institut Océanographique Paul Ricard, Ile des Embiez, 83140 Six-Fours-les-Plages, France.
| | - Christine Bressy
- Laboratoire Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin (MAPIEM), Université de Toulon, EA 4323, 83957 La Garde, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Xie Q, Pan J, Ma C, Zhang G. Dynamic surface antifouling: mechanism and systems. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1087-1107. [PMID: 30444519 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01853g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a global problem today. High efficiency and eco-friendly antifouling systems are in pressing need. In recent years, we have proposed the concept of dynamic surface antifouling (DSA). That is, a continuously changing surface can effectively prevent marine fouling organisms from landing and adhesion. Based on this strategy, we developed coatings with dynamic surfaces by using degradable polymers including polyester-polyurethane, modified polyester and poly(ester-co-acrylate). They exhibit tunable renewability, and excellent antifouling and mechanical performance. Moreover, the polymers can serve as carrier and controlled release systems of antifoulants so that they have long service life. This paper reviews the progress and trends in marine anti-biofouling, and presents the mechanism and systems of DSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lin X, Huang X, Zeng C, Wang W, Ding C, Xu J, He Q, Guo B. Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels integrated with cuprous oxide–tannic acid submicroparticles for enhanced mechanical properties and synergetic antibiofouling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 535:491-498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
13
|
Wang D, Liu H, Yang J, Zhou S. Seawater-Induced Healable Underwater Superoleophobic Antifouling Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1353-1362. [PMID: 30561184 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Creating an artificial surface, mimicking a live fish scale that repels oil underwater and with self-healing properties, would be significant for the development of nontoxic marine antifouling coatings. Here, we report a seawater-induced strategy to create in situ an underwater superoleophobic surface, starting from the coatings of a self-polishing polymer and seawater-responsive polymer-grafted SiO2 nanoparticles. The coatings' surfaces were able to renew in artificial seawater through the hydrolysis of the superficial self-polishing polymer and its subsequent dissolution. Particularly, the grafted poly(triisopropylsilyl acrylate- co-3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) chains could transform into hydrophilic ones via seawater-induced hydrolysis, which additionally strengthened the oil-repellency (zero oil adhesive force) and endowed the surface with excellent antiprotein adsorption characteristics. Because the hydrolysis was limited to the superficial layer of the coatings, it could avoid the water-swelling that instead occurs with conventional underwater superoleophobic coatings, with significant benefits to its durability. We believe that the seawater-induced renewal of underwater superoleophobic surfaces will be useful in extreme marine environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources , Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources , Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education , Shanghai 201306 , China
| | - Shuxue Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang C, Lu J, Hou Y, Xiong W, Sheng K, Lu H. Investigation on the Linker Length of Synthetic Zwitterionic Polypeptides for Improved Nonfouling Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:17463-17470. [PMID: 29737831 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic polymers are outstanding nonfouling materials widely used for surface modification. However, works that systematically evaluate the structure-activity relationship of the side chain linker effect with related antifouling abilities are sparse. Here, we generate a series of well-defined zwitterionic polypeptides bearing oligoethylene glycol (EG) linkers in the side chain (P(CB-EG xGlu), x = 1-3) and anchor them on gold surfaces via the grafting-to approach to compare their antifouling performances. The surface properties are characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), static water contact angle (SCA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). By use of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D), confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscope, our results convincingly demonstrate the excellent antifouling performance of all zwitterionic polypeptides. Importantly, the surface coated with P(CB-EG3Glu), the one with the longest EG linker, exhibits the best resistance to single protein (below the detection limit of QCM) and blood serum (∼96-98% reduction) adsorption, which largely outperforms those of the PEG positive control and the two P(CB-EG xGlu) analogues with shorter EG x linkers. The same P(CB-EG3Glu) surface also gives the highest degree of prevention of cell/platelet/bacterial attachment (∼99% reduction) among all samples tested. Together, our study highlights the linker effect to the nonfouling performance of zwitterionic polypeptides, and the results strongly support P(CB-EG3Glu) as a robust nonfouling material for numerous applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yingqin Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|