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Firganek D, Donten ML, Van der Bruggen B. Impact of Formulation of Photocurable Precursor Mixtures on the Performance and Dimensional Stability of Hierarchical Cation Exchange Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:15928-15939. [PMID: 37810993 PMCID: PMC10557092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c02174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a systematic approach to formulating UV curable ionomer coatings that can be used as ion-exchange membranes when they are applied on porous substrates. Ion-exchange membranes fabricated in this way can be a cost-effective alternative to perfluorosulfonic acid membranes, such as Nafion and similar thin ionomer film membranes. Hierarchically structured coated membranes find applications for energy storage and conversion (organic redox flow batteries and artificial photosynthesis cells) and separation processes (electrodialysis). Designing the ionomer precursor for membrane formulation requires the introduction of compounds with drastically different properties into a liquid mixture. Hansen solubility theory was used to find the solvents to compatibilize main formulation components: acrylic sulfone salt (3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium salt) and hexafunctional polyester acrylate cross-linker (Ebecryl 830), otherwise nonmiscible or mutely soluble. Among the identified suitable solvents, acrylic acid and acetic acid allowed for optimal mixing of the components and reaching the highest levels of sulfonic group content, providing the desired ion-exchange capacity. Interestingly, they represented a case of a reactive and nonreactive solvent since acrylic acid was built into the ionomer during the UV curing step. Properties of the two membrane variants were compared. Samples fabricated with acetic acid exhibit improved handleability compared with the case of acrylic acid. Acetic acid yielded a lower area-specific resistance (6.4 ± 0.17 Ohm·cm2) compared to acrylic acid (12.1 ± 0.16 Ohm·cm2 in 0.5 M NaCl). This was achieved without severely suppressing the selectivity of the membrane, which was standing at 93.4 and 96.4% for preparation with acetic and acrylic acid, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Firganek
- Amer-Sil
S.A., 61 Rue d’Olm, L-8281Kehlen, Luxembourg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Marzouk-Trifi I, Baklouti L, Dammak L. Investigation of Calcium and Magnesium Removal by Donnan Dialysis According to the Doehlert Design for Softening Different Water Types. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:203. [PMID: 36837706 PMCID: PMC9965841 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, calcium and magnesium were removed from Tunisian dam, lake, and tap water using Donnan Dialysis (DD) according to the Doehlert design. Three cation-exchange membranes (CMV, CMX, and CMS) were used in a preliminary investigation to establish the upper and lower bounds of each parameter and to more precisely pinpoint the optimal value. The concentration of compensating sodium ions [Na+] in the receiver compartment, the concentration of calcium [Ca2+] and magnesium [Mg2+] in the feed compartment, and the membrane nature were the experimental parameters. The findings indicate that the CMV membrane offers the highest elimination rate of calcium and magnesium. The Full Factorial Design makes it possible to determine how the experimental factors affect the removal of calcium and magnesium by DD. All parameters used had a favorable impact on the response; however, the calcium and magnesium concentration were the most significant ones. The Doehlert design's Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to determine the optimum conditions ([Mg2+] = 90 mg·L-1, [Ca2+] = 88 mg·L-1, [Na+] = 0.68 mol·L-1) allowing a 90.6% hardness removal rate with the CMV membrane. Finally, we used Donnan Dialysis to remove calcium and magnesium from the three different types of natural water: Dam, Lake, and Tap water. The results indicate that, when compared to lake water and tap water, the removal of calcium and magnesium from dam water is the best. This can be linked to the water matrix's complexity. Therefore, using Donnan Dialysis to decrease natural waters hardness was revealed to be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlass Marzouk-Trifi
- Laboratoire de Recherche Dessalement ET Traitement Des Eaux, Faculté Des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Lassaad Baklouti
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Arts at ArRass, Qassim University, Arras 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lasâad Dammak
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, 2 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
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3
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Huang Y, Fan H, Yip NY. Influence of electrolyte on concentration-induced conductivity-permselectivity tradeoff of ion-exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Babiak P, Schaffer-Harris G, Kainuma M, Fedorovich V, Goryanin I. Development of a New Hydrogel Anion Exchange Membrane for Swine Wastewater Treatment. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:984. [PMID: 36295742 PMCID: PMC9607306 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We developed a proprietary anion exchange membrane (AEM) for wastewater treatment as an alternative to commercial products. Following the successful development of a hydrogel cation exchange membrane on a porous ceramic support, we used the same approach to fabricate an AEM. Different positively charged monomers and conditions were tested, and all AEMs were tested for nitrate and phosphate anion removal from buffers by electrodialysis. The best AEM was tested further with real swine wastewater for phosphate removal by electrodialysis and nitrate removal in a bioelectrochemical denitrification system (BEDS). Our new AEM showed better phosphate removal compared with a commercial membrane; however, due to its low permselectivity, the migration of cations was detected while operating a two-chambered biocathode BEDS in which the membrane was utilized as a separator. After improving the permselectivity of the membrane, the performance of our proprietary AEM was comparable to that of a commercial membrane. Because of the usage of a porous ceramic support, our AEM is self-supporting, sturdy, and easy to attach to various frames, which makes the membrane better suited for harsh and corrosive environments, such as swine and other animal farms and domestic wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Babiak
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Geoff Schaffer-Harris
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mami Kainuma
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Viacheslav Fedorovich
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Igor Goryanin
- Biological Systems Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
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5
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Kumar A, Chaudhury S. Transport selectivities in ion-exchange membranes: Heterogeneity effect and analytical method dependence. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2112224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sanhita Chaudhury
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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Wu I, Park RJ, Ghosh R, Kuo MC, Seifert S, Coughlin EB, Herring AM. Enhancing desalination performance by manipulating block ratios in a polyethylene-based triblock copolymer anion exchange membrane for electrodialysis. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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7
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Gangrade AS, Cassegrain S, Chandra Ghosh P, Holdcroft S. Permselectivity of ionene-based, Aemion® anion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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8
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Kamcev J. Reformulating the
permselectivity‐conductivity
tradeoff relation in
ion‐exchange
membranes. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovan Kamcev
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Macromolecular Science and Engineering University of Michigan, North Campus Research Complex Ann Arbor Michigan USA
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A practical approach to measuring the ion-transport number of cation-exchange membranes: Effects of junction potential and analyte concentration. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Hohenadel A, Gangrade AS, Holdcroft S. Spectroelectrochemical Detection of Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:46125-46133. [PMID: 34542264 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The potentials at which water dissociation occurs in bipolar membranes (BPM) and the relationship between water dissociation and current-voltage curve characteristics are explored using a novel spectroelectrochemical approach in which an anion exchange membrane is doped with a pH indicator. Using this method, we visually detect a pH change in the BPM resulting from OH- formed during the water dissociation reaction. The color change is measured with a UV/vis spectrometer, while electrochemical characterization of the BPM is performed simultaneously. Additional measurements were performed on BPMs with varying anion and cation exchange membrane layer thickness. Our measurements provide direct evidence of water dissociation occurring within a BPM at cross-membrane potentials below 0.5 V, within the first limiting current density region. We also show that the effects of changing bulk anion and cation exchange layer thickness is highly dependent on the permselectivity of these layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Hohenadel
- Dept. of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Steven Holdcroft
- Dept. of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Luo T, Zhong Y, Xu D, Wang X, Wessling M. Combining Manning's theory and the ionic conductivity experimental approach to characterize selectivity of cation exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Advancing the conductivity-permselectivity tradeoff of electrodialysis ion-exchange membranes with sulfonated CNT nanocomposites. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Ji Y, Luo H, Geise GM. Effects of fixed charge group physicochemistry on anion exchange membrane permselectivity and ion transport. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:7283-7293. [PMID: 32208480 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00018c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of polymer chemistry on membrane ion transport properties is critical for enabling efforts to design advanced highly permselective ion exchange membranes for water purification and energy applications. Here, the effects of fixed charge group type on anion exchange membrane (AEM) apparent permselectivity and ion transport properties were investigated using two crosslinked AEMs. The two AEMs, containing a similar acrylonitrile, styrene and divinyl benzene-based polymer backbone, had either trimethyl ammonium or 1,4-dimethyl imidazolium fixed charge groups. Membrane deswelling, apparent permselectivity and ion transport properties of the two AEMs were characterized using aqueous solutions of lithium chloride, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium bromide and sodium nitrate. Apparent permselectivity measurements revealed a minor influence of the fixed charge group type on apparent permselectivity. Further analysis of membrane swelling and ion sorption, however, suggests that less hydrophilic fixed charge groups more effectively exclude co-ions compared to more hydrophilic fixed charge groups. Analysis of ion diffusion properties suggest that ion and fixed charge group enthalpy of hydration properties influence ion transport, likely through a counter-ion condensation, ion pairing or binding mechanism. Interactions between fixed charge groups and counter-ions may be stronger if the enthalpy of hydration properties of the ion and fixed charge group are similar, and suppressed counter-ion diffusion was observed in this situation. In general, the hydration properties of the fixed charge group may be important for understanding how fixed charge group chemistry influences ion transport properties in anion exchange membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Hongxi Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
| | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineers' Way, P. O. Box 400741, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA.
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15
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Luo T, Roghmans F, Wessling M. Ion mobility and partition determine the counter-ion selectivity of ion exchange membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Heat to H2: Using Waste Heat for Hydrogen Production through Reverse Electrodialysis. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12183428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work presents an integrated hydrogen production system using reverse electrodialysis (RED) and waste heat, termed Heat to H 2 . The driving potential in RED is a concentration difference over alternating anion and cation exchange membranes, where the electrode potential can be used directly for water splitting at the RED electrodes. Low-grade waste heat is used to restore the concentration difference in RED. In this study we investigate two approaches: one water removal process by evaporation and one salt removal process. Salt is precipitated in the thermally driven salt removal, thus introducing the need for a substantial change in solubility with temperature, which KNO 3 fulfils. Experimental data of ion conductivity of K + and NO 3 − in ion-exchange membranes is obtained. The ion conductivity of KNO 3 in the membranes was compared to NaCl and found to be equal in cation exchange membranes, but significantly lower in anion exchange membranes. The membrane resistance constitutes 98% of the total ohmic resistance using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process, while for the evaporation process, the membrane resistance constitutes over 70% of the total ohmic resistance at 40 ∘ C. The modelled hydrogen production per cross-section area from RED using concentrations relevant for the precipitation process is 0.014 ± 0.009 m 3 h − 1 (1.1 ± 0.7 g h − 1 ) at 40 ∘ C, while with concentrations relevant for evaporation, the hydrogen production per cross-section area was 0.034 ± 0.016 m 3 h − 1 (2.6 ± 1.3 g h − 1 ). The modelled energy needed per cubic meter of hydrogen produced is 55 ± 22 kWh (700 ± 300 kWh kg − 1 ) for the evaporation process and 8.22 ± 0.05 kWh (104.8 ± 0.6 kWh kg − 1 ) for the precipitation process. Using RED together with the precipitation process has similar energy consumption per volume hydrogen produced compared to proton exchange membrane water electrolysis and alkaline water electrolysis, where the energy input to the Heat to H 2 -process comes from low-grade waste heat.
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Capparelli C, Fernandez Pulido CR, Lopez-Hallman R, Geise GM, Hickner MA. Anion Exchange Membranes with Dynamic Redox-Responsive Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29187-29194. [PMID: 31271286 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Redox-responsive anion exchange membranes were developed using photoinitiated free-radical polymerization and reversible oxidation and reduction of viologen. The membranes were formulated using poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate) and diurethane dimethacrylate oligomers, dipentaerythritol penta-/hexa-acrylate cross-linker, photoinitiators, and 4-vinylbenzyl chloride as precursors for functionalization. In the membrane, 4,4'-bipyridine reacted with the 4-vinylbenzyl chloride residues, and subsequently, unreacted amines were methylated with iodomethane to obtain viologen as both the ion carrier and redox-responsive group. Upon oxidation, viologen supports two cations, where the reduced form only contains one cation. Thus, the redox responsiveness changed the membrane ionicity by a factor of 2. The area-specific resistance of the membranes in the oxidized, +2, state was lower than in the reduced, +1, state. The resistance increased between 40.6 ± 0.1 and 111.6 ± 0.1%, depending on membrane thickness, with the most significant increment being a resistance change from 4.88 × 10-4 Ω m2 in the oxidized state to 1.03 × 10-3 Ω m2 in the reduced state. Membrane permselectivity in the reduced, +1, state was between 15.9 ± 0.1 and 26.5 ± 0.01% lower than in the oxidized, +2, state, with no change in water uptake, spanning an average of 0.87 ± 0.02 in the oxidized state to an average of 0.7 ± 0.01 in the reduced state. Upon reduction, membrane ion-exchange capacity decreases, increasing ionic resistance and decreasing membrane permselectivity due to a reduction in fixed charge concentration without a measurable change in water uptake. This trend is not generally observed for ion-exchange membranes and explains that the changes in transport properties result from changes in ionicity, not water uptake or domain size. The reversibility and stability of the stimuli responsiveness were confirmed by the absence of transport property changes after redox cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geoffrey M Geise
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia 22904 , United States
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18
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Physicochemical interactions of organic acids influencing microstructure and permselectivity of anion exchange membrane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Ji Y, Luo H, Geise GM. Specific co-ion sorption and diffusion properties influence membrane permselectivity. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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