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Clarke TB, Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Colón-Quintana G, Roy K, Rana A, Renault C, Hill ML, Dick JE. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39018111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Making a measurement over millions of nanoparticles or exposed crystal facets seldom reports on reactivity of a single nanoparticle or facet, which may depart drastically from ensemble measurements. Within the past 30 years, science has moved toward studying the reactivity of single atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, one at a time. This shift has been fueled by the realization that everything changes at the nanoscale, especially important industrially relevant properties like those important to electrocatalysis. Studying single nanoscale entities, however, is not trivial and has required the development of new measurement tools. This review explores a tale of the clever use of old and new measurement tools to study electrocatalysis at the single entity level. We explore in detail the complex interrelationship between measurement method, electrocatalytic material, and reaction of interest (e.g., carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, hydrazine oxidation, etc.). We end with our perspective on the future of single entity electrocatalysis with a key focus on what types of measurements present the greatest opportunity for fundamental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Megan L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Monteiro J, McKelvey K. Scanning Bubble Electrochemical Microscopy: Mapping of Electrocatalytic Activity with Low-Solubility Reactants. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9767-9772. [PMID: 38835148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Determining electrocatalytic activity for reactions that involve reactants with limited solubility presents a significant challenge due to the reduced mass-transport to the electrocatalyst surface. This limitation is seen in important reactions such as the oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction. We introduce a new approach, which we call scanning bubble electrochemical microscopy, to enable the detection and high-resolution mapping of electrocatalytic activity with low-solubility reactants at high mass-transport rates. Using a scanning probe approach, a dual-barreled nanopipette is used to precisely deliver the gas-phase reactant within micrometers of an electrocatalyst surface, which results in high mass-transport rates at the electrocatalyst surface directly under the probe. We demonstrate the scanning bubble electrochemical microscopy approach by mapping the oxygen reduction reaction on model platinum microelectrode surfaces. We anticipate that scanning bubble electrochemical microscopy will provide an effective tool for measuring the electrocatalytic activity of reactants that have limited solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimy Monteiro
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Kim McKelvey
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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3
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Rajapakse D, Meckstroth J, Jantz DT, Camarda KV, Yao Z, Leonard KC. Deconvoluting Kinetic Rate Constants of Catalytic Substrates from Scanning Electrochemical Approach Curves with Artificial Neural Networks. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:103-112. [PMID: 37090257 PMCID: PMC10120032 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracting information from experimental measurements in the chemical sciences typically requires curve fitting, deconvolution, and/or solving the governing partial differential equations via numerical (e.g., finite element analysis) or analytical methods. However, using numerical or analytical methods for high-throughput data analysis typically requires significant postprocessing efforts. Here, we show that deep learning artificial neural networks can be a very effective tool for extracting information from experimental data. As an example, reactivity and topography information from scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) approach curves are highly convoluted. This study utilized multilayer perceptrons and convolutional neural networks trained on simulated SECM data to extract kinetic rate constants of catalytic substrates. Our key findings were that multilayer perceptron models performed very well when the experimental data were close to the ideal conditions with which the model was trained. However, convolutional neural networks, which analyze images as opposed to direct data, were able to accurately predict the kinetic rate constant of Fe-doped nickel (oxy)hydroxide catalyst at different applied potentials even though the experimental approach curves were not ideal. Due to the speed at which machine learning models can analyze data, we believe this study shows that artificial neural networks could become powerful tools in high-throughput data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinuka Rajapakse
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Josh Meckstroth
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Dylan T. Jantz
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
| | - Kyle Vincent Camarda
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Zijun Yao
- Department
of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, The University of Kansas, 2001 Eaton Hall, 1520 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Department
of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, 4132 Learned Hall, 1530 West 15th Street, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
- Center
for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, The University of Kansas, LSRL Building A, Suite 110, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas66047, United States
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4
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Janda DC, Barma K, Parandhaman M, Sun X, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Adsorption-Coupled Electron-Transfer Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Voltammetric Simulation. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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5
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Kurapati N, Janda DC, Balla RJ, Huang SH, Leonard KC, Amemiya S. Nanogap-Resolved Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Implications for Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17956-17963. [PMID: 36512745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of adsorption-coupled electron-transfer (ACET) reactions can be identified experimentally. The electron transfer (ET) and specific adsorption of redox-active molecules are coupled in many electrode reactions with practical importance and fundamental interest. ACET reactions are often represented by a concerted mechanism. In reductive adsorption, an oxidant is simultaneously reduced and adsorbed as a reductant on the electrode surface through the ACET step. Alternatively, the non-concerted mechanism mediates outer-sphere reduction and adsorption separately when the reductant adsorption is reversible. In electrocatalysis, reversibly adsorbed reductants are ubiquitous and crucial intermediates. Moreover, electrocatalysis is complicated by the mixed mechanism based on simultaneous ACET and outer-sphere ET steps. In this work, we reveal the non-concerted mechanism for ferrocene derivatives adsorbed at highly oriented pyrolytic graphite as simple models. We enable the transient voltammetric mode of nanoscale scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to kinetically control the adsorption step, which is required for the discrimination of non-concerted, concerted, and mixed mechanisms. Experimental voltammograms are compared with each mechanism by employing finite element simulation. The non-concerted mechanism is supported to indicate that the ACET step is intrinsically slower than its outer-sphere counterpart by at least four orders of magnitude. This finding implies that an ACET step is facilitated thermodynamically but may not be necessarily accelerated or catalyzed by the adsorption of the reductant. SECM-based transient voltammetry will become a powerful tool to resolve and understand electrocatalytic ACET reactions at the elementary level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraja Kurapati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Donald C Janda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Ryan J Balla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Siao-Han Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kevin C Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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6
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Janda DC, Barma K, Kurapati N, Klymenko OV, Oleinick A, Svir I, Amatore C, Amemiya S. Systematic Assessment of Adsorption-Coupled Electron Transfer toward Voltammetric Discrimination between Concerted and Non-Concerted Mechanisms. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Chen Z, Wang X, Mills JP, Du C, Kim J, Wen J, Wu YA. Two-dimensional materials for electrochemical CO 2 reduction: materials, in situ/ operando characterizations, and perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19712-19739. [PMID: 34817491 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06196h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2 ECR) is an efficient approach to achieving eco-friendly energy generation and environmental sustainability. This approach is capable of lowering the CO2 greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere while producing various valuable fuels and products. For catalytic CO2 ECR, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand as promising catalyst candidates due to their superior electrical conductivity, abundant dangling bonds, and tremendous amounts of surface active sites. On the other hand, the investigations on fundamental reaction mechanisms in CO2 ECR are highly demanded but usually require advanced in situ and operando multimodal characterizations. This review summarizes recent advances in the development, engineering, and structure-activity relationships of 2D materials for CO2 ECR. Furthermore, we overview state-of-the-art in situ and operando characterization techniques, which are used to investigate the catalytic reaction mechanisms with the spatial resolution from the micron-scale to the atomic scale, and with the temporal resolution from femtoseconds to seconds. Finally, we conclude this review by outlining challenges and opportunities for future development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuolong Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Xiyang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Joel P Mills
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Cheng Du
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Jintae Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - John Wen
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Yimin A Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, Materials Interface Foundry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Abstract
Mass-transport-limited catalysis and membrane transport can be characterized by concentration profiles surrounding active surfaces. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a tool that has been used to measure concentration profiles; however, the presence and geometry of the tip can distort these profiles due to hindered diffusion, which in turn alters chemical behavior at the catalytic surface. To fully characterize the behavior of surface features such as catalytic sites, it is essential to account for and analytically remove the effect of tip presence. In this work, atomic force microscopy-based SECM (AFM-SECM) measurements over poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and gold electrode surfaces are used to measure negative and positive-feedback approach curves, respectively. By inversely fitting these approach curves with a finite element method (FEM) model, we derive kinetic and geometric tip parameters that characterize the effect of tip presence. Tip effects may be removed in the model to estimate concentration profiles and reaction properties for the case where no tip is present. A maximum 120% increase in the concentration at one tip radii above the surface is observed due to the presence of the tip, where the concentration field is compressed vertically, in proportion to surface feature size and tip separation. Conical AFM-SECM tips, with a higher ratio of tip height to the base size, introduce less concentration distortion than disk-shaped AFM-SECM tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mirabal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Scott Calabrese Barton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Chen J, Chen H, Yu T, Li R, Wang Y, Shao Z, Song S. Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Surface Reconstruction of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts and Materials Development. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Jantz DT, Seuferling TE, Leonard KC. Numerical Deconvolution of Surface Interrogation Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Experiments on Platinum During Hydrogen Evolution. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan T. Jantz
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Tess E. Seuferling
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering The University of Kansas Lawrence KS USA
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11
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Parkash A. Doping of Fe on room-temperature-synthesized CoNi layered double hydroxide as an excellent bifunctional catalyst in alkaline media. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Liu D, Zeng X, Liu S, Wang S, Kang F, Li B. Application of Alternating Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Local Visualization of the Electrode Surface. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Sunwoda Electronic Company Limited Baoan District Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Xiaojie Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and EngineeringTsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering LaboratoryTsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory on Power Battery Safety Research and Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Graduate School at ShenzhenTsinghua University Shenzhen 518055 China
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Hanekamp P, Raith T, Iffelsberger C, Zankl T, Robl W, Matysik FM. Material contrast studies of conductive thin films on semiconductor substrates using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-019-01294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Bentley CL, Edmondson J, Meloni GN, Perry D, Shkirskiy V, Unwin PR. Nanoscale Electrochemical Mapping. Anal Chem 2018; 91:84-108. [PMID: 30500157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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