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Diab S, Christodoulou C, Taylor G, Rushworth P. Mathematical Modeling and Optimization to Inform Impurity Control in an Industrial Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing Process. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samir Diab
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Park Road, Ware SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | | | - George Taylor
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Rushworth
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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2
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Li X, Xu D, Yang X, Wu J, Wang B, Li X, Wang X, Zhang Z. Influence of Aluminum on Morphologies and Crystallization Kinetics of Hemihydrate Calcium Sulfate in the Hemihydrate Process of Phosphoric Acid Production. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqiao Li
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dehua Xu
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiushan Yang
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Junhu Wu
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xinlong Wang
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Ministry of Education Research Center for Comprehensive Utilization and Clean Processing Engineering of Phosphorus Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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3
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Vondran J, Seifert AI, Schäfer K, Laudanski A, Deysenroth T, Wohlgemuth K, Seidensticker T. Progressing the Crystal Way to Sustainability: Strategy for Developing an Integrated Recycling Process of Homogeneous Catalysts by Selective Product Crystallization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Vondran
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Astrid I. Seifert
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kevin Schäfer
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - André Laudanski
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tabea Deysenroth
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wohlgemuth
- Laboratory of Plant and Process Design, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 70, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Seidensticker
- Laboratory of Industrial Chemistry, Department for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Bolla G, Sarma B, Nangia AK. Crystal Engineering of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals in the Discovery and Development of Improved Drugs. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11514-11603. [PMID: 35642550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The subject of crystal engineering started in the 1970s with the study of topochemical reactions in the solid state. A broad chemical definition of crystal engineering was published in 1989, and the supramolecular synthon concept was proposed in 1995 followed by heterosynthons and their potential applications for the design of pharmaceutical cocrystals in 2004. This review traces the development of supramolecular synthons as robust and recurring hydrogen bond patterns for the design and construction of supramolecular architectures, notably, pharmaceutical cocrystals beginning in the early 2000s to the present time. The ability of a cocrystal between an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and a pharmaceutically acceptable coformer to systematically tune the physicochemical properties of a drug (i.e., solubility, permeability, hydration, color, compaction, tableting, bioavailability) without changing its molecular structure is the hallmark of the pharmaceutical cocrystals platform, as a bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical development. With the design of cocrystals via heterosynthons and prototype case studies to improve drug solubility in place (2000-2015), the period between 2015 to the present time has witnessed the launch of several salt-cocrystal drugs with improved efficacy and high bioavailability. This review on the design, synthesis, and applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals to afford improved drug products and drug substances will interest researchers in crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, medicinal chemistry, process development, and pharmaceutical and materials sciences. The scale-up of drug cocrystals and salts using continuous manufacturing technologies provides high-value pharmaceuticals with economic and environmental benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Bolla
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Building 43, Room 201, Sderot Ben-Gurion 1, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India
| | - Ashwini K Nangia
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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5
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Liu F, Luo W, Qiu J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Bao B. Continuous Antisolvent Crystallization of Dolutegravir Sodium Using Microfluidics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Junjie Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaohao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shuangliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Resource Processing and Process Intensification Technology and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Bo Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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6
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Capellades G, Bonsu JO, Myerson AS. Impurity incorporation in solution crystallization: diagnosis, prevention, and control. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01721g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This work highlights recent advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and control of impurity incorporation during solution crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Capellades
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
| | - Jacob O. Bonsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, USA
| | - Allan S. Myerson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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8
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Impact of Impurities on Crystallization and Product Quality: A Case Study with Paracetamol. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A thorough, systematic study into the effect that structurally related impurities have on both the process and product quality during the crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient is presented. The presence of acetanilide and metacetamol influences the crystallization and product quality of paracetamol. Where high concentrations of either impurity were present in the crystallization feed, product recovery decreased by up to 15%. Acetanilide is included in the final product through adsorption onto the particle surface in concentrations up to 0.79 mol%, which can be reduced to acceptable levels through product reslurrying. The presence of metacetamol results in much higher concentrations—up to 6.78 mol% in the final product, of which approximately 1 mol% is incorporated into the crystal lattice, resulting in the perturbation of the unit-cell dimensions. The incidental crystallization and subsequent isolation of metastable Form II paracetamol increased product purity in the presence of a low metacetamol concentration. This metastable product converts to stable paracetamol Form I through reslurrying, offering an efficient metacetamol impurity rejection route. The morphology of the product is modified consistently by both impurities. An elongation of the normal prismatic shape is observed, which in the extreme case of high metacetamol contamination results in the isolation of fine, fragile needles. This problematic morphology is also improved by a reslurrying of the crystallization product to give a more equilateral shape. This systematic study of the influence of acetanilide and metacetamol on the crystallization of paracetamol builds a well-rounded picture of the concomitant impact of impurities on the principal quality attributes of a crystallization product.
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Comparative evaluations of bulk seeded protein crystallization in batch versus continuous slug flow crystallizers. Chem Eng Res Des 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
With an increasing interest in cocrystals due to various advantages, demand for large-scale cocrystallization techniques is rising. Solution cocrystallization is a solvent-based approach that utilizes several single-component crystallization concepts as well as equipment for generating cocrystals. Solution-based techniques can produce cocrystals with reasonable control on purity, size distribution, morphology, and polymorphic form. Many of them also offer a scalable solution for the industrial production of cocrystals. However, the complexity of the thermodynamic landscape and the kinetics of cocrystallization offers fresh challenges which are not encountered in single component crystallization. This review focuses on the recent developments in different solution cocrystallization techniques for the production of pharmaceutically relevant cocrystals. The review consists of two sections. The first section describes the various solution cocrystallization methods, highlighting their benefits and limitations. The second section emphasizes the challenges in developing these techniques to an industrial scale and identifies the major thrust areas where further research is required.
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11
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Zhou T, Tu C, Sun Y, Ji L, Bian C, Lu X, Wang C. Determination of the metastable zone and induction time of thiourea for cooling crystallization. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Application of PAT-Based Feedback Control Approaches in Pharmaceutical Crystallization. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crystallization is one of the important unit operations for the separation and purification of solid products in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and pesticide industries, especially for realizing high-end, high-value solid products. The precise control of the solution crystallization process determines the polymorph, crystal shape, size, and size distribution of the crystal product, which is of great significance to improve product quality and production efficiency. In order to develop the crystallization process in a scientific method that is based on process parameters and data, process analysis technology (PAT) has become an important enabling platform. In this paper, we review the development of PAT in the field of crystallization in recent years. Based on the current research status of drug crystallization process control, the monitoring methods and control strategies of feedback control in the crystallization process were systematically summarized. The focus is on the application of model-free feedback control strategies based on the solution and solid information collected by various online monitoring equipment in product engineering, including improving particle size distribution, achieving polymorphic control, and improving purity. In this paper, the challenges of feedback control strategy in the crystallization process are also discussed, and the development trend of the feedback control strategy has been prospected.
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Sheng L, Li J, He G, Xiao W, Yan X, Li X, Ruan X, Jiang X. Visual study and simulation of interfacial liquid layer mass transfer in membrane-assisted antisolvent crystallization. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Urwin S, Levilain G, Marziano I, Merritt JM, Houson I, Ter Horst JH. A Structured Approach To Cope with Impurities during Industrial Crystallization Development. Org Process Res Dev 2020; 24:1443-1456. [PMID: 32905065 PMCID: PMC7461122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The perfect separation with optimal productivity, yield, and purity is very difficult to achieve. Despite its high selectivity, in crystallization unwanted impurities routinely contaminate a crystallization product. Awareness of the mechanism by which the impurity incorporates is key to understanding how to achieve crystals of higher purity. Here, we present a general workflow which can rapidly identify the mechanism of impurity incorporation responsible for poor impurity rejection during a crystallization. A series of four general experiments using standard laboratory instrumentation is required for successful discrimination between incorporation mechanisms. The workflow is demonstrated using four examples of active pharmaceutical ingredients contaminated with structurally related organic impurities. Application of this workflow allows a targeted problem-solving approach to the management of impurities during industrial crystallization development, while also decreasing resources expended on process development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie
J. Urwin
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, U.K.
| | | | - Ivan Marziano
- Pfizer
Worldwide Research and Development, Sandwich, CT13 9NJ, U.K.
| | - Jeremy M. Merritt
- Eli
Lilly and Company, Small Molecule
Design and Development, Lilly Technology Center North, Indianapolis, Indiana 46221, United States
| | - Ian Houson
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, U.K.
| | - Joop H. Ter Horst
- EPSRC
Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and
Crystallisation, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1RD, U.K.
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15
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Systematic Investigations on Continuous Fluidized Bed Crystallization for Chiral Separation. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10050394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A recently developed continuous enantioseparation process utilizing two coupled fluidized bed crystallizers is systematically investigated to identify essential correlations between different operation parameters and the corresponding process performance on the example of asparagine monohydrate. Based on liquid phase composition and product crystal size distribution data, it is proven that steady state operation is achieved reproducibly in a relatively short time. The process outputs at steady state are compared for different feed flow rates, supersaturations, and crystallization temperatures. It is shown that purities >97% are achieved with productivities up to 40 g/L/h. The size distribution, which depends almost exclusively on the liquid flow rate, can be easily adjusted between 260 and 330 µm (mean size) with an almost constant standard deviation of ±55 µm.
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Ma Y, Wu S, Macaringue EGJ, Zhang T, Gong J, Wang J. Recent Progress in Continuous Crystallization of Pharmaceutical Products: Precise Preparation and Control. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songgu Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Estevao Genito Joao Macaringue
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbo Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
- Co-innovation Center of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300072, People’s Republic of China
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Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Proteins: Expression Hosts and Process Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:420. [PMID: 31921823 PMCID: PMC6932962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, along with cancers, are among the main causes of death among humans worldwide. The production of therapeutic proteins for treating diseases at large scale for millions of individuals is one of the essential needs of mankind. Recent progress in the area of recombinant DNA technologies has paved the way to producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Recombinant proteins for these applications are mainly produced using prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression host systems such as mammalian cells, bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and transgenic plants at laboratory scale as well as in large-scale settings. The development of efficient bioprocessing strategies is crucial for industrial production of recombinant proteins of therapeutic and prophylactic importance. Recently, advances have been made in the various areas of bioprocessing and are being utilized to develop effective processes for producing recombinant proteins. These include the use of high-throughput devices for effective bioprocess optimization and of disposable systems, continuous upstream processing, continuous chromatography, integrated continuous bioprocessing, Quality by Design, and process analytical technologies to achieve quality product with higher yield. This review summarizes recent developments in the bioprocessing of recombinant proteins, including in various expression systems, bioprocess development, and the upstream and downstream processing of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K. Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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Benitez-Chapa AG, Nigam KDP, Alvarez AJ. Process Intensification of Continuous Antisolvent Crystallization Using a Coiled Flow Inverter. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G. Benitez-Chapa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, México
| | - Krishna D. P. Nigam
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, México
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Chemical Engineering, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Alejandro J. Alvarez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L. 64849, México
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Jiang M, Braatz RD. Designs of continuous-flow pharmaceutical crystallizers: developments and practice. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review of recent research advances in continuous-flow crystallization includes a five-step general design procedure, generally applicable process intensification strategies, and practical insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Jiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering
| | - Richard D. Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
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