Significance of Activated Carbon Fiber as Cathode in Electro/Fe3+/Peroxydisulfate Oxidation Process for Removing Carbamazepine in Aqueous Environment

Comprehensive phytochemical analysis of Salvia hispanica L. callus extracts using LC-MS/MS

In this research, the study utilized the root, leaf, and petiole parts of in vitro grown Salvia hispanica plants as explants. Following UV-C treatment applied to developing callus, methanol extracts were obtained and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to investigate their anticancer properties. First, the seeds of S. hispanica were soaked in commercial bleach for 6 min to ensure surface sterilization. The most effective antimicrobial activity on Gram-negative bacteria, with a zone diameter (11 ± 0.82 mm), was noticed in callus extracts obtained from the petiole explant in the second protocol against Klebsiella pneumoniae EMCS bacteria. Anticancer activities on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells were investigated by using 1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 15.62, and 78.12 μg/mL doses of the extracts, and the most effective cytotoxic activity was determined at the 1000 μg/mL dose of the extracts obtained from both protocols. The extracts were determined to inhibit hCAI, hCAII, AChE, and BChE enzymes. The content of 53 different phytochemical components of the extracts was analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Rosmarinic acid, quinic acid, and caffeic acid were found in the highest concentration. The comprehensive LC-MS/MS analysis of S. hispanica extracts revealed a diverse array of phytochemical compounds, highlighting its potential for therapeutic applications.

Advances in understanding and mitigating Atrazine's environmental and health impact: A comprehensive review

Atrazine is a widely used herbicide in agriculture, and it has garnered significant attention because of its potential risks to the environment and human health. The extensive utilization of atrazine, alongside its persistence in water and soil, underscores the critical need to develop safe and efficient removal strategies. This comprehensive review aims to spotlight atrazine's potential impact on ecosystems and public health, particularly its enduring presence in soil, water, and plants. As a known toxic endocrine disruptor, atrazine poses environmental and health risks. The review navigates through innovative removal techniques across soil and water environments, elucidating microbial degradation, phytoremediation, and advanced methodologies such as electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation (EKPR) and photocatalysis. The review notably emphasizes the complex process of atrazine degradation and ongoing scientific efforts to address this, recognizing its potential risks to both the environment and human health.

Constant oxidation of atrazine in Fe(III)/PDS system by enhancing Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle with quinones: Reaction mechanism, degradation pathway and DFT calculation

Quinones are potential pollutants and redox active compounds widely distributed in environmental media. In this study, methyl-p-benzoquinone (MBQ) was introduced into Fe(III)/peroxydisulfate system (Fe(III)/PDS) to expedite the conversion of Fe(III) to Fe(II) and the degradation of atrazine (ATZ), ultimately establishing an environmentally friendly system of "treating pollution with pollution". MBQ/Fe(III)/PDS system showed superior performance to traditional Fe(II)/PDS system in pH range of 2-7. Sulfate radical (SO₄^•-) and hydroxyl radical (^•OH) were confirmed to exist in MBQ/Fe(III)/PDS system according to alcohol quenching experiments and ESR tests. Meanwhile, stable 80% of η[PMSO₂] (i.e., the molar ratio of PMSO₂ generation to PMSO consumption) was achieved and manifested that highly reactive substance Fe(IV) also participated in MBQ/Fe(III)/PDS system. The spontaneous transformation of MBQ and methyl-hydroquinone (MHQ) drove Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle, during which MHQ induced Fe(III) reduction and Fe(II) regeneration. Transformation pathways of ATZ were proposed based on HPLC-MS detection and DFT calculation and ATZ degradation could be initiated by lateral chain oxidation and dechlorination-hydroxylation. The acute toxicity, bioaccumulation factor, developmental toxicity and mutagenicity of ATZ and its degradation intermediates were evaluated by Toxicity Estimation Software Tool, and the luminescent bacteria test was conducted to investigate the acute toxicity variation of the reaction solution. Cl^- obviously inhibited ATZ degradation and three main by-products generation, while humic acid (HA) had little effect on them probably due to the established balance between inhibition (some components in HA competed to consume reactive species) and acceleration (quinone units in HA also facilitated Fe(III)/Fe(II) cycle).

Peracetic Acid Activated with Electro-Fe2+ Process for Dye Removal in Water

An electro-Fe2+-activated peracetic acid (EC/Fe2+/PAA) process was established for organic dye removal in water. The operation factors such as the PAA dosage, Fe2+ amount, current density, and pH were investigated on methylene blue (MB) removal for the synergistic EC/Fe2+/PAA system. Efficient MB decolorization (98.97% and 0.06992 min−1) was achieved within 30 min under 5.4 mmol L−1 PAA, 30 μmol L−1 Fe2+, 15 mA cm−2 current intensity, and pH 2.9. Masking tests affirmed that the dominating radicals were hydroxyl radicals (OH), organic radicals (CH3CO2·, CH3CO3·), and singlet oxygen (1O2), which were generated from the activated PAA by the synergetic effect of EC and Fe2+. The influence of inorganic ions and natural organic matter on the MB removal was determined. Moreover, the efficacy of the EC/Fe2+/PAA was confirmed by decontaminating other organic pollutants, such as antibiotic tetracycline and metronidazole. The studied synergy process offers a novel, advanced oxidation method for PAA activation and organic wastewater treatment.