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Bornemann-Pfeiffer M, Meyer K, Lademann J, Kraume M, Maiwald M. Contributions towards variable temperature shielding for compact NMR instruments. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2024; 62:259-268. [PMID: 37438985 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of compact NMR instruments to hot flowing samples or exothermically reacting mixtures is limited by the temperature sensitivity of permanent magnets. Typically, such temperature effects directly influence the achievable magnetic field homogeneity and hence measurement quality. The internal-temperature control loop of the magnet and instruments is not designed for such temperature compensation. Passive insulation is restricted by the small dimensions within the magnet borehole. Here, we present a design approach for active heat shielding with the aim of variable temperature control of NMR samples for benchtop NMR instruments using a compressed airstream which is variable in flow and temperature. Based on the system identification and surface temperature measurements through thermography, a model predictive control was set up to minimise any disturbance effect on the permanent magnet from the probe or sample temperature. This methodology will facilitate the application of variable-temperature shielding and, therefore, extend the application of compact NMR instruments to flowing sample temperatures that differ from the magnet temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann-Pfeiffer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klas Meyer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy Lademann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Kraume
- Chair of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin, Germany
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Wouters B, Miggiels P, Bezemer R, van der Cruijsen EA, van Leeuwen E, Gauvin J, Houben K, Babu Sai Sankar Gupta K, Zuijdwijk P, Harms A, Carvalho de Souza A, Hankemeier T. Automated Segmented-Flow Analysis – NMR with a Novel Fluoropolymer Flow Cell for High-Throughput Screening. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15350-15358. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bert Wouters
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Miggiels
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Bezemer
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik van Leeuwen
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - John Gauvin
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Klaartje Houben
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Zuijdwijk
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, 2613 AXDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Amy Harms
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Metabolomics and Analytics Centre, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CCLeiden, The Netherlands
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Homogeneous and Reproducible Mixing of Highly Viscous Biomaterial Inks and Cell Suspensions to Create Bioinks. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040227. [PMID: 34842704 PMCID: PMC8628813 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly viscous bioinks offer great advantages for the three-dimensional fabrication of cell-laden constructs by microextrusion printing. However, no standardised method of mixing a high viscosity biomaterial ink and a cell suspension has been established so far, leading to non-reproducible printing results. A novel method for the homogeneous and reproducible mixing of the two components using a mixing unit connecting two syringes is developed and investigated. Several static mixing units, based on established mixing designs, were adapted and their functionality was determined by analysing specific features of the resulting bioink. As a model system, we selected a highly viscous ink consisting of fresh frozen human blood plasma, alginate, and methylcellulose, and a cell suspension containing immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells. This bioink is crosslinked after fabrication. A pre-crosslinked gellan gum-based bioink providing a different extrusion behaviour was introduced to validate the conclusions drawn from the model system. For characterisation, bioink from different zones within the mixing device was analysed by measurement of its viscosity, shape fidelity after printing and visual homogeneity. When taking all three parameters into account, a comprehensive and reliable comparison of the mixing quality was possible. In comparison to the established method of manual mixing inside a beaker using a spatula, a significantly higher proportion of viable cells was detected directly after mixing and plotting for both bioinks when the mixing unit was used. A screw-like mixing unit, termed “HighVisc”, was found to result in a homogenous bioink after a low number of mixing cycles while achieving high cell viability rates.
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Saib A, Bara-Estaún A, Harper OJ, Berry DBG, Thomlinson IA, Broomfield-Tagg R, Lowe JP, Lyall CL, Hintermair U. Engineering aspects of FlowNMR spectroscopy setups for online analysis of solution-phase processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00217a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this article we review some fundamental engineering concepts and evaluate components and materials required to assemble and operate safe and effective FlowNMR setups that reliably generate meaningful results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Saib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Alejandro Bara-Estaún
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Owen J. Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Daniel B. G. Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Isabel A. Thomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Rachael Broomfield-Tagg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - John P. Lowe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Catherine L. Lyall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
| | - Ulrich Hintermair
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Dynamic Reaction Monitoring Facility, University of Bath, Claverton Down, BA2 7AY Bath, UK
- Centre for Sustainable & Circular Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Bornemann‐Pfeiffer M, Kern S, Maiwald M, Meyer K. Calibration‐Free Chemical Process and Quality Control Units as Enablers for Modular Production. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bornemann‐Pfeiffer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Technical University of Berlin Chemical and Process Engineering Fraunhoferstraße 33–36 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Kern
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- S-PACT GmbH Burtscheider Straße 1 52064 Aachen Germany
| | - Michael Maiwald
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Klas Meyer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Richard-Willstaetter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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Lee WG, Zell MT, Ouchi T, Milton MJ. NMR spectroscopy goes mobile: Using NMR as process analytical technology at the fume hood. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:1193-1202. [PMID: 32364631 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is potentially a very powerful process analytical technology (PAT) tool as it gives an atomic resolution picture of the reaction mixture without the need for chromatography. NMR is well suited for interrogating transient intermediates, providing kinetic information via NMR active nuclei, and most importantly provides universally quantitative information for all species in solution. This contrasts with commonly used PAT instruments, such as Raman or Flow-infrared (IR), which requires a separate calibration curve for every component of the reaction mixture. To date, the large footprint of high-field (≥400 MHz) NMR spectrometers and the immobility of superconducting magnets, coupled with strict requirements for the architecture for the room it is to be installed, have been a major obstacle to using this technology right next to fume hoods where chemists perform synthetic work. Here, we describe the use of a small, lightweight 60 MHz Benchtop NMR system (Nanalysis Pro-60) located on a mobile platform, that was used to monitor both small and intermediate scale Grignard formation and coupling reactions. We also show how low field NMR can provide a deceptively simple yes/no answer (for a system that would otherwise require laborious off-line testing) in the enrichment of one component versus another in a kilogram scale distillation. Benchtop NMR was also used to derive molecule specific information from Flow-IR, a technology found in most manufacturing sites, and compare the ease at which the concentrations of the reaction mixtures can be derived by NMR versus IR.
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