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Upadhyay C, Ojha U. Carbohydrate-Based Reprocessable and Healable Covalent Adaptable Biofoams. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400239. [PMID: 38794989 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric foams derived from bio-based resources and capable of self-healing and recycling ability are of great demand to fulfill various applications and address environmental concerns related to accumulation of plastic wastes. In this article, a set of polyester-based covalent adaptable biofoams (CABs) synthesized from carbohydrates and other bio-derived precursors under catalyst free conditions to offer a sustainable alternative to conventional toxic isocyanate-based polyurethane foams is reported. The dynamic β-keto carboxylate linkages present in these biofoams impart self-healing ability and recyclability to these samples. These CABs display adequate tensile properties especially compressive strength (≤123 MPa) and hysteresis behavior. The CABs swiftly stress relax at 150 °C and are reprocessable under similar temperature conditions. These biofoams have displayed potential for use as attachment on solar photovoltaics to augment the output efficiency. These CABs with limited swellability in polar protic solvents and adequate mechanical resilience are suitable for other commodity applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Upadhyay
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, 229304, India
| | - Umaprasana Ojha
- Department of Sciences & Humanities, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi, Uttar Pradesh, 229304, India
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Jatni, Khordha, Odisha, 752050, India
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2
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Chen CW, Ranganathan P, Mutharani B, Shiu JW, Rwei SP, Chang YH, Chiu FC. Synthesis of High-Value Bio-Based Polyamide 12,36 Microcellular Foams with Excellent Dimensional Stability and Shape Recovery Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:159. [PMID: 38201824 PMCID: PMC10780462 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for alternatives to petroleum-based thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (TPAEs) has recently drawn great interest. In this study, a bio-massed TPAE, PA12,36, was synthesized using 1,12-dodecanediamine (DDA) and fatty dimer acid (FDA, PripolTM1009) precursors via catalyst and solvent-free melt polycondensation. The molecular structure and molecular weight of the PA12,36 were characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, and GPC. PA12,36 displayed a low melting temperature of 85.8 °C, an initial degradation temperature of 425 °C, and a glass-transition temperature of 30.4 °C, whereas it sustained satisfactory tensile strength (10.0 MPa) and superior strain at break (1378%). Furthermore, PA12,36 was foamed by supercritical CO2, and the cell size, cell density, and porosity were determined. The entangled long-chained FDA component generated a physically crosslinked network, which promoted the melt viscosity of PA12,36 against elongations of foam cell growth and increased foamability significantly. As a result, uniform structured cellular foams with a cell diameter of 15-24 µm and high cell density (1011 cells/cm3-1012 cells/cm3) were successfully achieved. The foaming window was widened from 76 to 81 °C, and the expansion ratio was increased from 4.8 to 9.6. Additionally, PA12,36 foam with a physically crosslinked structure presented a better creep shape recovery percentage (92-97.9%) and sturdier dimensional stability. This bio-based PA12,36 foam is a promising candidate to replace petroleum-based thermoplastic elastomer foams for engineering applications, particularly shoe soles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Wen Chen
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | | | - Jia-Wei Shiu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (C.-W.C.); (P.R.); (J.-W.S.)
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Fang-Chyou Chiu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of General Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
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Gong C, Zheng H, Huang P, Xu L, Su Y, Zheng W, Zhao Y. Supercritical CO 2 Foaming of Lightweight Polyolefin Elastomer/ trans-Polyoctylene Rubber Composite Foams with Extra-Soft and Anti-Shrinkage Performance. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxin Gong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Linqiong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People’s Republic of China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315201, China
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4
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Zhang L, Chen D, Jin B, Zhang B, Gong P, Zhang B, Park CB, Li G. Ultrahigh Electromagnetic Wave Transmitting Polyphenylene Sulfide Microcellular Foams Based on Molecular Structure Design for 5G Communication. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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5
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Jiang J, Chen B, Zhou M, Liu H, Li Y, Tian F, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhai W. A convenient and efficient to bead foam parts: Restricted cell growth and simultaneous inter-bead welding. J Supercrit Fluids 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2023.105852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Production and Application of Polymer Foams Employing Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8905115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams have characteristics that make them attractive for different applications. However, some foaming methods rely on chemicals that are not environmentally friendly. One of the possibilities to tackle the environmental issue is to utilize supercritical carbon dioxide ScCO2 since it is a “green” solvent, thus facilitating a sustainable method of producing foams. ScCO2 is nontoxic, chemically inert, and soluble in molten plastic. It can act as a plasticizer, decreasing the viscosity of polymers according to temperature and pressure. Most foam processes can benefit from ScCO2 since the methods rely on nucleation, growth, and expansion mechanisms. Process considerations such as pretreatment, temperature, pressure, pressure drop, and diffusion time are relevant parameters for foaming. Other variables such as additives, fillers, and chain extenders also play a role in the foaming process. This review highlights the morphology, performance, and features of the foam produced with ScCO2, considering relevant aspects of replacing or introducing a novel foam. Recent findings related to foaming assisted by ScCO2 and how processing parameters influence the foam product are addressed. In addition, we discuss possible applications where foams have significant benefits. This review shows the recent progress and possibilities of ScCO2 in processing polymer foams.
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Corrugated thermoplastic polyurethane foams with high mechanical strength fabricated by integrating fused filament fabrication and microcellular foaming using supercritical CO2. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Experimental and Finite Element Simulation of Polyolefin Elastomer Foams Using Real 3D Structures: Effect of Foaming Agent Content. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214692. [DOI: 10.3390/polym14214692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, polyolefin elastomer (POE) foams were prepared without any curing agent using a single-step foaming technique. The effect of azodicarbonamide (ADC) content as a chemical foaming agent on the foams’ morphology and mechanical properties was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mechanical properties (tension and compression) and hardness. The results showed that increasing the ADC content from 2 to 3, 4 and 5 phr (parts per hundred rubber) decreased the foam density from 0.75 to 0.71, 0.65 and 0.61 g/cm3, respectively. The morphological analysis revealed that increasing the ADC content from 2 to 4 phr produced smaller cell sizes from 153 to 109 µm (29% lower), but a higher cell density from 103 to 591 cells/mm3 (470% higher). However, using 5 phr of ADC led to a larger cell size (148 µm) and lower cell density (483 cells/mm3) due to cell coalescence. The tensile modulus, strength at break, elongation and hardness properties continuously decreased by 28%, 21%, 16% and 14%, respectively, with increasing ADC content (2 to 5 phr). On the other hand, the compressive properties, including elastic modulus and compressive strength, increased by 20% and 64%, respectively, with increasing ADC content (2 to 5 phr). The tensile and compression tests revealed that the former is more dependent on foam density (foaming ratio), while the latter is mainly controlled by the cellular structure (cell size, cell density and internal gas pressure). In addition, 2D SEM images were used to simulate the foams’ real 3D structure, which was used in finite element methods (FEM) to simulate the stress–strain behavior of the samples at two levels: micro-scale and macro-scale. Finally, the FEM results were compared to the experimental data. Based on the information obtained, a good agreement between the macro-scale stress–strain behavior generated by the FEM simulations and experimental data was obtained. While the FEM results showed that the sample with 3 phr of ADC had the lowest micro-scale stress, the sample with 5 phr had the highest micro-scale stress due to smaller and larger cell sizes, respectively.
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Su Y, Huang P, Zhao Y, Zheng W, Lan X, Luo H, Chong Y, Lee PC, Xu L. Lightweight Polypropylene/Polylactic Acid Composite Foams with Controllable Hollow Radially Gradient Porous Structures for Oil/Water Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongqing Zhao
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lan
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibin Luo
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunkai Chong
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, People’s Republic of China
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto M5G3G8, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linqiong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People’s Republic of China
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Extensional rheology and CO 2 foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221080677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) (materials based on PP/EPDM blend) to foam under CO2 batch conditions. The EPDM phase, which is dispersed into the PP phase, was dynamically crosslinked either by a phenolic resin (Resol) or by a radical peroxide (dicumyl peroxide). The results show an influence of the crosslinking chemistry on the extensional viscosity of the TPV. Regarding radical chemistry, the peroxide induces polypropylene degradation by β-scission reaction during the dynamic crosslinking process. As a result, the ability of the TPV to deform under extensional flow (Hencky deformation at break <0.5) is greatly reduced. On the contrary, the Resol-based TPV has demonstrated a non-linear viscosity behaviour (strain hardening) and a great ability to deform (Hencky deformation at break >1.5). This unexpected result for a non-homogeneous system can be explained by the confinement of the PP phase between EPDM nodules which gives to the PP chains a gel rheological behaviour. In addition, the influence of the addition of carbon black filler has also been studied. Finally, the relationship between extensional viscosity and physical foaming has been investigated. As for a homogeneous polymer, the extensional viscosity has been proved to be a key factor to estimate the foaming behaviour of complex systems like TPV. Hence, the importance of non-linear viscosity for a multi-phasic polymer to ensure foaming ability has been demonstrated.
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11
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Ma Y, Wen H, Xin C, He Y. Chain extension of thermoplastic polyamide elastomer and its foaming performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hui Wen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chunling Xin
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing China
| | - Yadong He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- Engineering Research Center for Polymer Processing Equipment Ministry of Education Beijing China
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12
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Wen H, Wang M, Luo S, Zhou Y, Liu T. Aramid fiber reinforced
EPDM
microcellular foams: Influence of the aramid fiber content on rheological behavior, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and cellular structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yuanlin Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Vahidifar A, Esmizadeh E, Rodrigue D. Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1565. [PMID: 34068238 PMCID: PMC8153173 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Vahidifar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Esmizadeh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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Jiang J, Zheng H, Liu H, Zhai W. Tunable cell structure and mechanism in porous thermoplastic polyurethane micro-film fabricated by a diffusion-restricted physical foaming process. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Zhao C, Mark LH, Kim S, Chang E, Park CB, Lee PC. Recent progress in micro‐/nano‐fibrillar reinforced polymeric composite foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chongxiang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Sundong Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eunse Chang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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