1
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Chen XY, Liu QY, Yu WD, Yan J, Liu C. Advancements in calixarene-protected titanium-oxo clusters: from structural assembly to catalytic functionality. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39323237 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04161e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
This review explores calixarenes, a prominent family of third-generation supramolecules celebrated for their distinct hollow, cavity-shaped structures. These macrocycles are intricately assembled by linking multiple phenolic units orthogonally through methylene (-CH2-), sulfur (-S-), or sulfonyl (-SO2-) bridges. This structural framework plays a pivotal role in the intricate assembly of nanoclusters, significantly advancing the field of cluster chemistry. A key focus of current research is the remarkable ability of calixarenes to stabilize titanium-oxo clusters. Our review details the application of calixarenes in constructing titanium-oxo cluster structures, emphasizing how these clusters, when encapsulated within calixarenes, exploit flexible coordination sites for structural modifications and serve as foundational units for more complex assemblies. Additionally, we investigate how these calixarene-stabilized metal-oxo clusters function as versatile scaffolds for catalytically active metal ions, facilitating the creation of bimetallic nanoclusters. These clusters not only exhibit unique structural diversity but also demonstrate exceptional catalytic efficiency. This review aims to inspire ongoing exploration and innovation in the use of calixarenes for the synthesis and application of advanced cluster materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Qing-Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- School of Resource & Environment, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410000, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
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2
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Schubert U, Stöger B. Structural Chemistry of Titanium (IV) Oxo Clusters, Part 2: Clusters without Carboxylate or Phosphonate Ligands. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400744. [PMID: 38629948 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Homometallic titanium oxo clusters (TOC) are one of the most important groups of metal oxo clusters. In a previous article, TOC structures with carboxylato and phosphonato ligands were reviewed and categorized. This work is now extended to clusters with other ligands. Comparison of the different cluster types shows how the interplay between condensation of the titanium polyhedra by means of bridging oxygen atoms and the coordination characteristics of the ligands influences the cluster structures and allows working out basic construction principles of the cluster core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universiät Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Wien, Austria
| | - Berthold Stöger
- X-Ray Center, Technische Universiät Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Wien, Austria
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3
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Li N, Yang P, Pan MY, Lv XY, Zou GD, Fan Y. Lanthanide‒containing titanium-oxo clusters with high aqueous stability for photocatalytic application. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Zhai HL, Hou JL, Luo CY, Ma LJ, Zhu QY, Dai J. Photocurrent and Gelation Properties of Polyphenol-Modified Titanium-Oxo Compounds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13191-13198. [PMID: 35943777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid metal-polyphenols as stable structural modules have gained extensive interest due to their diverse applications. However, titanium-oxo compounds (TOCs) with large molecular polyphenols have been less explored, and they were expected to be different from small polyphenols with isolated metal ions. Herein, 4-methyl-esculetin (Mesc), a catechol derivative, was selected to construct three TOCs, namely, [Ti17O24(Mesc)4(OiPr)16] (1), [Ti12O14(OiPr)18][Ti16O14(Mesc)12(OiPr)14] (2), and [Ti3O(Mesc)2(OAc)2(OiPr)4] (3). These compounds were structurally characterized. Photocurrent responses were evaluated using the compound-sensitized TiO2 electrodes. It was found that the current densities of 1-3 electrodes are in the order of 1 ≫ 3 > 2, which relates to the ligand-to-TiO core and ligand-to-ligand charge transfers (LMCT and LLCT, respectively). Density functional theory calculations showed that the lowest band gap of 1 originates from its LLCT. Compound 1 reacted with polyphenol tannin (TA) to form a fully transparent and robust gel (1-TA), and the gelation properties were investigated. Using the gel as a nano-TiO2 fixing agent, solar cell electrodes were prepared by a low-temperature wet method. The photocurrent responsive behavior of the 1-TA/TiO2 electrode was compared with that of the 1-sensitized traditional high-temperature-treated TiO2 electrode. Although the current density of the former is somewhat lower than that of the traditional electrode, the low-temperature wet preparation of the 1-TA/TiO2 electrode is more energy-efficient and sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Le Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, P.R. China
| | - Chen-Yue Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Jun Ma
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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5
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Ignaszak A, Patterson N, O'Brien C, True A, Elsegood MRJ, Prior TJ, Redshaw C. Heterometallic cobalt(ii) calix[6 and 8]arenes: synthesis, structure and electrochemical activity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:11672-11685. [PMID: 35481098 PMCID: PMC9010074 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterometallic cobalt p-tert-butylcalix[6 and 8]arenes have been generated from the in situ reaction of lithium reagents (n-BuLi or t-BuOLi) or NaH with the parent calix[n]arene and subsequent reaction with CoBr2. The reverse route, involving the addition of in situ generated Li[Co(Ot-Bu)3] to p-tert-butylcalix[6 and 8]arene, has also been investigated. X-ray crystallography reveals the formation of complicated products incorporating differing numbers of cobalt and lithium or sodium centers, often with positional disorder, as well as, in some cases, the retention of halide. The electrochemical analysis revealed several oxidation events related to the subsequent oxidation of Co(ii) centers and the reduction of the metal cation at negative potentials. Moreover, the electrochemical activity of the phenol moieties of the parent calix[n]arenes resulted in dimerized products or quinone derivatives, leading to insoluble oligomeric products that deposit and passivate the electrode. Preliminary screening for electrochemical proton reduction revealed good activity for a number of these systems. Results suggest that [Co6Na(NCMe)6(μ-O)(p-tert-butylcalix[6]areneH)2Br]·7MeCN (6·7MeCN) is a promising molecular catalyst for electrochemical proton reduction, with a mass transport coefficient, catalytic charge transfer resistance and current magnitude at the catalytic turnover region that are comparable to those of the reference electrocatalyst (Co(ii)Cl2). Reactions between p-tert-butylcalix[6 and 8]arenes and lithium or sodium reagents led to complex structures often with positional disorder. Such systems are capable of electrochemical proton reduction.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick 30 Dineen Drive Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Nigel Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick 30 Dineen Drive Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Connor O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick 30 Dineen Drive Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Allison True
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Brunswick 30 Dineen Drive Fredericton NB E3B 5A3 Canada
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Chemistry Department, Loughborough University Loughborough Leicestershire LE11 3TU UK
| | - Timothy J Prior
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull Cottingham Road Hull HU6 7RX UK
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6
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Wu YX, Liu XR, Yu WD, Li LJ, Pan F, Liu W, Liu C. A Bimetallic Ag/Ti ‐Based Coordination Polymer as a Catalyst for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Selective Sulfide Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wu
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xue Ru Liu
- Northwest University College of Chemistry and Materials science CHINA
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- Changchun University of Science and Technology School of Chemical and Eenviromental Engineering CHINA
| | - Fuxing Pan
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Chao Liu
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 932 Lushan South Road 410083 Changsha CHINA
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7
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Han EM, Yu WD, Wang B, Yan J, Yi XY, Liu C. Self-Assembly of Chiral Ferrocene-Functionalized Polyoxotitanium Clusters for Photocatalytic Selective Sulfide Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2903-2910. [PMID: 35113567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we systematically studied the self-assembly behavior of chiral polyoxytitanium clusters for the first time. Through the cooperative assembly of ferrocenecarboxylic acid and ketoxime ligands, we successfully incorporated the planar chirality of ferrocene (Fc) into the layered {Ti5} building blocks. The resulting {Ti5Fc} clusters can be used as structural units to assemble into large ordered structures in various ways; either a pair of {Ti5Fc} enantiomers are bridged by organic adhesive to form sandwich structures or two homochiral {Ti5Fc} units participate in the assembly to form the large clusters. Depending on the assembly modes, the chirality of {Ti5Fc} can be transferred to large nanoclusters or disappear to form mesostructures. The difference of the assembly modes between the {Ti5Fc} units can also tune the photoelectric activity of the resulting clusters, which has been verified by using {Ti10Fc-6/7} as catalysts for photocatalytic selective sulfide oxidation. This work not only is an important breakthrough in the study of the self-assembly of chiral nanoclusters but also provides an important reference for understanding of chiral transfer on the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Meng Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- China College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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8
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Han EM, Yu WD, Yan J, Yi XY, Liu C. Metal-Directed Self-Assembly of {Ti 8L 2} Cluster-Based Coordination Polymers with Enhanced Photocatalytic Alcohol Oxidation Activity. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:923-930. [PMID: 34968030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cooperative assembly of the neutral cluster {Ti8O5(OEt)18L2} (L = pyrazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) with different metal units of Mn(NO3)2, CuCl2, Zn(OEt)2, Cd(NO3)2, Ce(NO3)3, Lu(NO3)3, and Lu(NO3)2(OEt), or the [Cu2I2] cluster, generates a family of titanium-oxygen cluster (TOC)-based coordination polymers. These one-dimensional (1D) linear structures contain the same {Ti8L2} cluster but with variable bridging metal units. The regulation of the heterometal not only affects the chain geometries of the {MTi8} but also affects the way the 1D chains are stacked in the crystal lattice. Investigation of the catalytic activities toward alcohol oxidation demonstrated the synergetic effect of combining the metal site and the photosensitive {Ti8L2} cluster in the tailored structure. Under light illumination, the {MTi8} with dual catalytic sites shows greatly enhanced catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Because the compositions and structures of {MTi8} are highly tunable, this work spotlights the potential of utilizing such metal-bridged multidimensional Ti-oxo materials for cooperative photoredox catalysis for organic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Meng Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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9
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Wu YX, Liu XR, Chen G, Tian YQ, Yan J, Yi XY, Liu C. Cd-Doped Polyoxotitanium Nanoclusters with a Modifiable Organic Shell for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19263-19269. [PMID: 34817992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating heterometal and chromogenic groups into the titanium oxo cluster (TOC) nanomaterials is one of the effective strategies for the development of new high-performance photoelectrically active materials. In this Article, we report the structures and photoelectrochemical (PEC) performances of a family of TOCs, including pure [Ti12O8(OEt)16L8] ({Me-Ti12}) and six Cd-doped clusters formulated as [H4Cd2Ti10O8(OEt)16(L)8(H2O)2] ({Cd2Ti10}; L = salicylic acid and their derivatives). The six Cd-doped clusters are isostructural, containing the same {Cd2Ti10O8} core, but are protected by salicylic ligands modified with different functional groups. The compositions, structures, and solution stability of these clusters have been studied in detail by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements. The embedding of heterometallic Cd(II) and chemical modification of organic protective shells can effectively regulate the PEC water oxidation activity of those clusters, with {F-Cd2Ti10} having the highest turnover number of 518.55 and the highest turnover frequency of 172.85 h-1. Our work highlights the potential of using TOCs that do not contain noble metals as water oxidation catalysts, and their catalytic activity can be regulated by structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ru Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Qi Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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10
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Synthesis of lanthanide-doped titanium-oxo clusters for efficient photocurrent responses. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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12
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Lanthanide complexes of anthraquinone-1,8-disulfonate: Syntheses, structures and catalytic studies. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Xing T, Wang Z, Sun Y, He Z, Wang K, Liu Z, Elsegood MRJ, Bedwell EV, Redshaw C. Co‐polymerization of propylene oxide and
CO
2
using early transition metal (groups
IV
and V) metallocalix[
n
]arenes (n = 4, 6, 8). J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Hull Hull UK
| | - Zhong‐Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Yong‐Chang Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Zhen‐Hong He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Kuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
| | - Zhao‐Tie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science & Technology Xi'an China
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an China
| | | | | | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry University of Hull Hull UK
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14
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Wang C, Wang SJ, Kong FG. Calixarene-Protected Titanium-Oxo Clusters and Their Photocurrent Responses and Photocatalytic Performances. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5034-5041. [PMID: 33677968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three photosensitive tert-butylcalix[n]arene (TBC[n], n = 4, 6, 8)-protected titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs), formulated as [Ti4(μ3-O)2(TBC[4])2(OiPr)4(DEF)2]·DEF (1, TBC[4]-Ti4, DEF = N,N-diethylformamide), [Ti4(μ4-O)TBC[6](OCH3)9]·H2O (2, TBC[6]-Ti4), and [Ti4(μ3-O)2(OiPr)4TBC[8](DEF)2]·DEF (3, TBC[8]-Ti4), were successfully synthesized and characterized. Because of the generation of charge transfer from TBC[n] to the TiO core, the three TBC[n]-decorated TOCs show a broadened visible-light absorption and narrowed optical band gap based on the UV-visible spectra and density functional theory calculations. The corresponding photosensitive electrodes prepared using these three TOCs exhibit stable photocurrent responses. Furthermore, their photocatalytic performances for hydrogen evolution and methylene blue degradation were evaluated, and all of the materials display excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. The calixarene-Ti coordination is therefore an effective strategy to enlarge the visible-light absorption band of Ti-O materials and improve their photoelectric/photocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shou-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Fan-Gong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
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15
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Xing T, Prior TJ, Chen K, Redshaw C. Titanium complexes bearing oxa- and azacalix[4, 6]arenes: structural studies and use in the ring opening homo-/co-polymerization of cyclic esters. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4396-4407. [PMID: 33704325 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00189b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of excess [Ti(OiPr)4] with p-tert-butyltetrahomodioxacalix[6]areneH6 (L1H6) afforded, after work-up (MeCN), the complex [Ti2(OiPr)2(MeCN)L1]·3.5MeCN (1·3.5MeCN), whilst the oxo complex [Ti4(μ3-O)2(H2O)(L1)2]·MeCN (2·MeCN) was isolated via a fortuitous synthesis involving the use of two equivalents of [Ti(OiPr)4]. Reactions of p-methyl-dimethyldiazacalix[6]areneH6 (L2H6) with [TiF4] (four equivalents), [TiCl4(THF)2] (two equivalents) or [TiBr4] (>four equivalents) resulted in the titanium-based azacalix[n]arene complexes [Ti4F14L2H2(H)2]·2.5MeCN (3·2.5MeCN), [Ti2X4(H2O)2OL2H2(H)2] (X = Cl (4·5MeCN), Br (5·4.5MeCN) and [Ti4Br12L2(H)2(MeCN)6]·7MeCN (6·7MeCN), respectively. Reaction of four equivalents of [TiF4] with L3H4 (L3H4 = p-methyl-dimethyldiazacalix[4]areneH4) afforded the product [Ti2F2(μ-F)3L3(H)2(SiF5)]·2MeCN (7·2MeCN). These complexes have been screened for their potential to act as pre-catalysts in the ring opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL), δ-valerolactone (δ-VL) and rac-lactide (r-LA). Generally, the titanium complexes bearing oxacalixarene exhibited better activities than the azacalixarene-based pre-catalysts. For ε-CL, δ-VL and r-LA, moderate activity at 130 °C over 24 h was observed for 1-6. In the case of the co-polymerization of ε-CL with r-LA, 1-6 afforded reasonable conversions and high molecular weight polymers; 7 exhibited lower catalytic performance due to low solubility. None of the complexes proved to be active in the polymerization of ω-pentadecalactone (ω-PDL) under the conditions employed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
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16
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Han EM, Yu WD, Li LJ, Yi XY, Yan J, Liu C. Accurate assembly of ferrocene-functionalized {Ti22Fc4} clusters with photocatalytic amine oxidation activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2792-2795. [PMID: 33599676 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of a ferrocene-functionalized {Ti22Fc4} cluster with a 'dimer-of-clusters' topology, which represents the largest Ti-oxo cluster (TOC) modified with organometallic groups ever reported. The exact assembly path of {Ti22Fc4} can be inferred from its two substructures, {Ti11Fc2} and {Ti5Fc}, which can also be synthesized independently through subtle changes in reaction conditions. Furthermore, we used these clusters as photocatalysts, and have studied, for the first time, the photocatalytic activity of TOCs in the oxidative coupling of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Meng Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Canter of Optical Materials and Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
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17
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Yu WD, Zhang Y, Han YY, Li B, Shao S, Zhang LP, Xie HK, Yan J. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Tris-Anderson Polyoxometalates for Facile CO 2 Cycloaddition. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3980-3987. [PMID: 33626279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four new tris-Anderson polyoxometalates (POMs), (NH4)4[ZnMo6O18(C4H8NO3)(OH)3]·4H2O (1), (NH4)4[CuMo6O18(C4H8NO3)(OH)3]·4H2O (2), (TBA)3(NH4)[ZnMo6O17(C5H9O3)2(OH)]·10H2O (3) (TBA = n-C16H36N), and (NH4)4[CuMo6O18(C5H9O3)2]·16H2O (4), were synthesized by a microwave-assisted method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that 1 and 2 contained a tris (trihydroxyl organic compounds) ligand grafted on one side, while two tris ligands were grafted on two sides to form χ/δ and δ/δ isomers in 3 and 4, respectively. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the χ/δ isomer 3 were obtained for the first time, with six methylenes showing six peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum and only four peaks in the 13C NMR spectrum. Mass spectrometry monitoring revealed that during the microwave-assistant process the tris ligand can graft onto POMs to form 1, while tris directly coordinates with metallic heteroatoms to form isopolymolybdates during the conventional reflux synthesis process. In addition, 1-4 can catalyze CO2 with epoxides into cyclic carbonates with high selectivity and yields at an atmospheric pressure of CO2, which is lower than the pressure of CO2 in other catalysis using POMs as catalysts. Furthermore, 1-4 showed good catalytic stability and cycling properties. Mechanism studies substantiated POMs cocatalyzed with Br- to improve the catalytic yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dong Yu
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Junior Education Department, Changsha Normal University, Changsha 410100, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Yang Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Sai Shao
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Le-Ping Zhang
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Ke Xie
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
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18
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Zuo M, Velmurugan K, Wang K, Tian X, Hu XY. Insight into functionalized-macrocycles-guided supramolecular photocatalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:139-155. [PMID: 33564325 PMCID: PMC7849235 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the unique characteristics of macrocycles (e.g., the ease of modification, hydrophobic cavities, and specific guest recognition), they can provide a suitable environment to realize photocatalysis via noncovalent interactions with different substrates. In this minireview, we emphasized the photochemical transformation and catalytic reactivity of different guests based on the binding with various macrocyclic hosts as well as on the role of macrocyclic-hosts-assisted hybrid materials in energy transfer. To keep the clarity of this review, the macrocycles are categorized into the most commonly used supramolecular hosts, including crown ethers, cyclodextrins, cucurbiturils, calixarenes, and pillararenes. This minireview not only summarizes the role that macrocycles play in photocatalytic reactions but also clarifies the photocatalytic mechanisms. Finally, the future research efforts and new pathways to apply macrocycles and supramolecular hybrid materials in photocatalysis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minzan Zuo
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Krishnasamy Velmurugan
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Kaiya Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xueqi Tian
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 211106, China
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19
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Xing T, Prior TJ, Elsegood MRJ, Semikolenova NV, Soshnikov IE, Bryliakov K, Chen K, Redshaw C. Vanadium complexes derived from oxacalix[6]arenes: structural studies and use in the ring opening homo-/co-polymerization of ε-caprolactone/δ-valerolactone and ethylene polymerization. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01979h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxacalix[6]arene vanadium complexes have been employed for the ROP of cyclic esters and ethylene polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xing
- Plastics Collaboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Plastics Collaboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | | | | | - Igor E. Soshnikov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Konstantin Bryliakov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis
- Novosibirsk 630090
- Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University
- Novosibirsk 630090
| | - Kai Chen
- Plastics Collaboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Plastics Collaboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hull
- Hull
- UK
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20
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Yang XX, Yu WD, Yi XY, Li LJ, Liu C. Monocarboxylate-driven structural growth in Calix[n]arene-polyoxotitanate hybrid systems: utility in hydrogen production from water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14035-14038. [PMID: 33103687 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A carboxylate-driven assembly strategy has been developed for the first time to build calix[n]arene-based polyoxotitanate clusters with tuneable nuclearity and structures. Photocatalytic studies revealed that these clusters exhibit structural-dependent H2 evolution ability with a maximum rate up to 415.11 μmol h-1 g-1, which is almost the highest recorded in polyoxotitanate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China.
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