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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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Zhang Y, Wu L, Wang H. Neutral Homoaromatic Diboradisilacyclobutene: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22446-22450. [PMID: 36459696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A formally neutral homoaromatic diboradisilacyclobutene was prepared and structurally characterized via the reduction of borylaminobromosilane with potassium graphite, which represents the first neutral boron and silicon mixed analogue of the homocyclopropenylium ion. Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed a folded four-membered B2Si2 ring (26.2°) and a remarkably short transannular B-Si distance of 2.306(3) Å. DFT calculations showed that two π-electrons delocalize over the BSi2 moiety. Both structural feature and DFT calculations show the significant 2π-homoaromatic nature of the diboradisilacyclobutene. Furthermore, diboradisilacyclobutene reacted readily with CuCl or HCl to afford the diboradisilacyclobutanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interfaces Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
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Lee J, Fan J, Koh AP, Cheang WJJ, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. An Amidinato Isopropylmethylamidosilylene‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lee
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Jun Fan
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - An-Ping Koh
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Wan-Jun Joslyn Cheang
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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Chia CC, Li Y, Xiao L, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. Lewis Pair Polymerization of Alkyl Methacrylate by Amidinato Silicon Compounds and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Chiek Chia
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical sciences SINGAPORE
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Normal University Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education CHINA
| | | | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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Lou K, Zu F, Yi J, Cui C. Synthesis and Structure of a Dimeric Yttrium Complex [LSi(BH3)(C5Me4)Y(CH2SiMe3)2]2 (L = PhC(NtBu)2) and Its Catalytic Application for Hydroboration of Ketones and Aldehydes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lou
- State Key laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Fenghua Zu
- Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Jianjun Yi
- Petrochina Petrochemical Research Institute, Beijing 100195, PR China
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
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Abstract
The amidinatoamidosilylene [LSiNMe2] [1; L = PhC(NtBu)2] was reacted with B2Br4(SMe2)2 in toluene at room temperature to form the bis(silylene)tetrabromodiborane [L{Me2N}Si]2B2Br4 (2). It was then reacted with excess KC8 in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford the bis(silylene)dibromodiborene [L{Me2N}Si]2B2Br2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Nazish M, Legendre CM, Sarkar SK, Lücken J, Goffitzer DJ, Diefenbach M, Schwederski B, Herbst-Irmer R, Stalke D, Holthausen MC, Kaim W, Roesky HW. Selective Route to Stable Silicon-Boron Radicals and Their Corresponding Cations. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10100-10104. [PMID: 34213317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on a facile and selective one-pot synthetic route to silicon-boron radicals. Reduction of Br2BTip (Tip = 2,4,6-iPrC6H2) with KC8 in the presence of LSi-R affords LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip (1) and LSi(N(TMS)2)-B(Br)Tip (2) [L = PhC(NtBu)2]. These first examples of silicon-boron isolated radical species feature spin density on the silicon and boron atoms. 1 and 2 exhibit extraordinary stability to high temperatures under inert conditions in solution and air stability in the solid state. Both radicals have been isolated and fully characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, single-crystal X-ray structure analysis, and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, compound 1 exhibits one-electron transfer when treated with 1 equiv of AgSO3CF3 and [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]-, respectively, resulting in the corresponding cations [LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip]+[CF3SO3]- (3) and [LSi(tBu)-B(Br)Tip]+[B(C6F5)4]- (4). Compounds 3 and 4 have been characterized with multinuclear NMR and mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Nazish
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Christina M Legendre
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Samir Kumar Sarkar
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jana Lücken
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Daniel J Goffitzer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Martin Diefenbach
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Brigitte Schwederski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Regine Herbst-Irmer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Max C Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kaim
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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