1
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Liu Y, Li Y, Qian M, Wu Y, Li M, Zhang C, Qi H. Iridium(III) solvent complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence method for the detection of 3-methylhistidine in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05402-w. [PMID: 38937290 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
3-Methylhistidine (3-MeHis) is increasingly used as an indicator of muscle protein breakdown. The development of a sensitive, simple, and non-invasive method for 3-MeHis assay is important in clinical practice. Herein, a sensitive, simple, and non-invasive electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) method was proposed for the quantitation of 3-MeHis in urine by using an iridium(III) solvent complex ([Ir(dfppy)2(DMSO)Cl], dfppy = 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine, Ir-DMSO) as a signal reagent. The photoluminescence (PL) and ECL responses of Ir-DMSO to 3-MeHis were studied. The ECL intensity of Ir-DMSO was enhanced in the presence of 3-MeHis because of the coordination recognition between Ir-DMSO and the imidazole group of 3-MeHis. Based on the enhancement of ECL intensity, 3-MeHis can be sensitively detected in the range of 5 to 25 μM. The detection limit was 0.4 μM. This is the first report of an ECL method for the quantitation of 3-MeHis. Further, to investigate the feasibility of the Ir-DMSO-based ECL method in practical applications, the developed ECL method was applied for 3-MeHis assay in urine samples of 28 healthy volunteers and 2 patients. The urine samples from patients hospitalized with obesity and kidney disease and healthy individuals were distinguished by the ECL responses of Ir-DMSO. The proposed ECL method based on the coordination recognition between iridium(III) solvent complex and the imidazole group of 3-MeHis allows inexpensive, fast, non-invasive, and sensitive detection of 3-MeHis in urine, which is promising for assessing large volumes of patients for routine analysis in clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Kench T, Rahardjo A, Terrones GG, Bellamkonda A, Maher TE, Storch M, Kulik HJ, Vilar R. A Semi-Automated, High-Throughput Approach for the Synthesis and Identification of Highly Photo-Cytotoxic Iridium Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401808. [PMID: 38404222 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of new compounds with pharmacological properties is usually a lengthy, laborious and expensive process. Thus, there is increasing interest in developing workflows that allow for the rapid synthesis and evaluation of libraries of compounds with the aim of identifying leads for further drug development. Herein, we apply combinatorial synthesis to build a library of 90 iridium(III) complexes (81 of which are new) over two synthesise-and-test cycles, with the aim of identifying potential agents for photodynamic therapy. We demonstrate the power of this approach by identifying highly active complexes that are well-tolerated in the dark but display very low nM phototoxicity against cancer cells. To build a detailed structure-activity relationship for this class of compounds we have used density functional theory (DFT) calculations to determine some key electronic parameters and study correlations with the experimental data. Finally, we present an optimised semi-automated synthesise-and-test protocol to obtain multiplex data within 72 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kench
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Arielle Rahardjo
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Gianmarco G Terrones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Thomas E Maher
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Marko Storch
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
- London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation and Innovation Hub, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 02139, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Imperial College London, White City Campus, W12 0BZ, London, UK
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3
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Takimoto K, Shimada T, Nagura K, Hill JP, Nakanishi T, Yuge H, Ishihara S, Labuta J, Sato H. Thermo-/Mechano-Chromic Chiral Coordination Dimer: Formation of Switchable and Metastable Discrete Structure through Chiral Self-Sorting. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25160-25169. [PMID: 37943955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Although strong chiral self-sorting often emerges in extended covalent or supramolecular polymers, the phenomenon is generally weak in discrete assemblies (e.g., dimers and oligomers) of small molecules due to the lack of a cooperative growth mechanism. Consequently, chiral self-sorting has been overlooked in the design of switchable and metastable discrete supramolecular structures. Here, we report a butyl-benzo[h]quinoline-based iridium(III) complex (Bu-Ir) with helical chirality at its metal center, which forms preferentially a homochiral dimer and exhibits thermo-/mechano-chromism based on a monomer-dimer transformation. While a five-coordinate monomer is formed in a racemic or an enantiopure Bu-Ir solution at 25 °C, a six-coordinate homochiral dimer complex is formed almost exclusively at low temperatures, with a higher degree of dimerization in enantiopure Bu-Ir solution. Estimation of apparent dimerization binding constants (K) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔS) based on variable temperature ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 1H NMR spectra reveals a strong preference for homochiral dimerization (largest known value for the coordination complex, Khomo/Khetero > 50). Notably, crystals of the homochiral dimer are metastable, undergoing a distinct color change upon grinding (from yellow to red) due to mechanical cleavage of coordination bonds (i.e., a dimer to monomer transformation). A comparison with control compounds having different substituents (proton, methyl, isopropyl, and phenyl groups) reveals that Bu-Ir dimerization involves both strong homochiral self-sorting preference and connected thermo-/mechano-chromic behavior, which is based on matched propeller-shaped chirality and subtle steric repulsion between alkyl substituents that render the homochiral dimer switchable and metastable. These findings provide substantial insights into the emergence of dynamic functionality based on the rational design of discrete chiral assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takumi Shimada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nagura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yuge
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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Tatarin SV, Smirnov DE, Taydakov IV, Metlin MT, Emets VV, Bezzubov SI. Tailoring the π-system of benzimidazole ligands towards stable light-harvesting cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6435-6450. [PMID: 37092600 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, optical and redox properties as well as photovoltaic studies of iridium(III) complexes with cyclometalated 2-arylbenzimidazoles decorated with various polyaromatic fragments and an ancillary aromatic β-diketone are reported. Despite the strong preference of the iridium(III) ion to form bis- or tris-cyclometalated complexes in which the metal participates in five-membered metallacycles, the cyclometalation of the benzimidazole ligands containing rigid π-extended systems yields dimeric complexes containing strained five- or six-membered metallacycles and allows for generating an extremely rare monocyclometalated complex. X-ray crystallography shows that the steric strain observed in the dimers is retained in heteroleptic diketonate complexes which is also corroborated by gas-phase DFT calculations. While emission maxima and redox potentials of the heteroleptic complexes exhibit just a moderate variation upon the change of the cyclometalated ligands, the extension of the π-system of the benzimidazole ligands give the complexes remarkable light absorption in the visible spectral range, which meets the requirements for application in dye-sensitized solar cells. At the titania photoanodes, these iridium dyes retain their optical properties and exhibit power conversion efficiencies under standard AM 1.5 G conditions comparable to those of other iridium-based sensitizers. These results demonstrate that the size and position of the π-extended fragment in cyclometalated ligands can modulate not only the electronic structure of the corresponding iridium(III) complexes, but also affect their composition, structure and reactivity that may find implications in future design of emerging iridium dyes, emitters and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tatarin
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Daniil E Smirnov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ilya V Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail T Metlin
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-ya Baumanskaya Str. 5/1, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Emets
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Bezzubov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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5
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Huang H, Wu Y, Qian M, Yang X, Qi H. Iridium(III) solvent complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence and photoluminescence sensor array for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 150:108368. [PMID: 36634465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Development of rapid and sensitive method for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides is of great importance in clinical diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate the first case of single iridium(III) solvent complex-based electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and photoluminescence (PL) sensor array for the discrimination of bases in oligonucleotides. One iridium (III) solvent complex ([Ir(ppy)2(DMSO)Cl], ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, probe 1) was designed as both ECL and PL probe while five bases (guanine, adenine, cytosine, thymine and uracil) were chosen as analytes. Two-element sensor array was built for the discrimination of five bases based on the fingerprint response of probe 1 to bases via coordination interactions. The combination of unique ECL and PL variations with principal component analysis was applied for the quantitative analysis of five bases in a linear range of 1.0 μM-10 μM and for the effective discrimination of individual base, the mixture of bases and oligonucleotides. Moreover, the sensor array was successfully applied to discriminate different mismatched ss-DNAs from HIV gene (a fully-matched ss-DNA), even at single-base difference. This work demonstrates that the sensor array using single iridium (III) solvent complex is a promising approach for the discrimination of bases with good sensitivity and simpleness in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Manping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China.
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6
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Lorenzo-Aparicio C, Gómez Gallego M, Ramírez de Arellano C, Sierra MA. Phosphorescent Ir(III) complexes derived from purine nucleobases. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5138-5150. [PMID: 35266928 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation and the study of new types of neutral and cationic phosphorescent heteroleptic Ir(III) complexes derived from 6-phenylpurine nucleosides and nucleotides. Neutral complexes of general formula Ir(C^N)2(acac) 7, and 8a-c (HC^N = 9-substituted-6-phenyl purine) are orange-red emissive upon photoexcitation, with short lifetimes and good quantum yields (0.42-0.65) in both PMMA films and 2-MeTHF at room temperature. In turn, cationic complexes [Ir(C^N)2(dtb-bpy)][PF6] 9, 12a and 12c (dtb-bpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridine) are yellow-green emitters with moderate quantum yields (0.24-0.32).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lorenzo-Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Mar Gómez Gallego
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
| | - Carmen Ramírez de Arellano
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain.,Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100-Valencia, Spain
| | - Miguel A Sierra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Spain
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7
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Yu. Gitlina A, Fadaei-Tirani F, Ruggi A, Plaice C, Severin K. Acid-base-induced fac → mer isomerization of luminescent iridium( iii) complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10370-10374. [PMID: 36277648 PMCID: PMC9473533 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02808e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From fac to mer and back: a clean, fast and simple procedure for the transformation of fac-Ir(C^N)3 complexes into the thermodynamically less stable mer isomers is described. The process enables the interconversion of luminophores with distinct photophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Yu. Gitlina
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Albert Ruggi
- Département de Chimie, Université de Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Carolina Plaice
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Dipyridylmethane Ethers as Ligands for Luminescent Ir Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237161. [PMID: 34885742 PMCID: PMC8659258 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports two new cationic heteroleptic cyclometalated iridium complexes, containing ether derivatives of di(pyridin-2-yl)methanol. The new ligands are based on dipyridin-2-ylmethane and are designed to obtain ether-based intermediates with extended electronic conjugation by insertion of π system such as phenyl, allyl and ethynyl. Different synthetic strategies were employed to introduce these units, as molecular wires, between the dipyridin-2-ylmethane chelating portion and the terminal N-containing functional group, such as amine and carbamide. The corresponding complexes show luminescence in the blue region of the spectrum, lifetimes between 0.6 and 2.1 μs, high quantum yield and good electrochemical behavior. The computational description (DFT) of the electronic structure highlights the key role of the conjugated π systems on optical and electrochemical properties of the final products.
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9
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Takimoto K, Watanabe Y, Yoshida J, Sato H. Five-coordinate iridium(III) complex with ΔΛ chirality. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13256-13263. [PMID: 34608912 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01960k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The coordinatively unsaturated bis-chelated iridium(III) complex, [Ir(2-Bubzq)2Cl] (2-BubzqH = 2-butyl-benzo[h]quinoline), denoted as complex 1, was obtained by reacting iridium(III) trichloride with 2-BubzqH in a 1 : 2 molar ratio. The results were in contrast to the common view that a chlorine-bridged dimer, [Ir(L)2Cl]2 (L = bis-chelate ligand), is formed under the corresponding conditions. A single-crystal X-ray diffraction structural analysis revealed that complex 1 has a five-coordinate geometry with a distorted square pyramidal configuration. The optical resolution of complex 1 was measured chromatographically on a chiral column, yielding Δ and Λ as enantiomers. The resolved enantiomers were stable enough against racemization in CDCl3 as confirmed by the vibrational circular dichroism measurements. Complex 1 reacted with carbon monoxide (CO) to give [Ir(2-Bubzq)2(CO)Cl] and with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) to give [Ir(2-Bubzq)2(phen)]Cl within a minute with its absolute configuration (ΔΛ chirality) maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-chou, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-chou, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Jun Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, 3-25-40 Sakurajosui, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8550, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-chou, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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10
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Gon M, Tanaka K, Chujo Y. Vapochromic Luminescent π-Conjugated Systems with Reversible Coordination-Number Control of Hypervalent Tin(IV)-Fused Azobenzene Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:7561-7571. [PMID: 33780065 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic and reversible changes of coordination numbers between five and six in solution and solid states, based on hypervalent tin(IV)-fused azobenzene (TAz) complexes, are reported. It was found that the TAz complexes showed deep-red emission owing to the hypervalent bond composed of an electron-donating three-center four-electron (3c-4e) bond and an electron-accepting nitrogen-tin (N-Sn) coordination. Furthermore, hypsochromic shifts in optical spectra were observed in Lewis basic solvents because of alteration of the coordination number from five to six. In particular, vapochromic luminescence was induced by attachment of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) vapor to the coordination point at the tin atom accompanied with a crystal-crystal phase transition. Additionally, the color-change mechanism and degree of binding constants were well explained by theoretical calculation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of vapochromic luminescence by using stable and variable coordination numbers of hypervalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
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11
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Tatarin SV, Kalle P, Taydakov IV, Varaksina EA, Korshunov VM, Bezzubov SI. Sterically hindered phenanthroimidazole ligands drive the structural flexibility and facile ligand exchange in cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6889-6900. [PMID: 33913992 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00820j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of bis-cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes with 2-arylphenanthroimidazole "antenna" ligands containing electron-donor or withdrawing substituents and a more flexible ancillary aromatic β-diketone bearing the "anchoring" carboxymethyl function has been prepared. Thorough X-ray study of the complexes revealed significant structural strains caused by bulky cyclometalated 2-arylphenanthroimidazoles resulting in dramatic distortions of the iridium octahedron and even in twist of the phenanthrene fragment. The crystal data were corroborated by gas-phase DFT calculations whereby the geometry of the complexes was distorted in the same way. While redox potentials, absorption and emission maxima of the complexes displayed expected change upon the variation of the electron-donating ability of the cyclometalated ligands, the complexes readily exchanged the bidentate ancillary ligand in the presence of a negligible amount of protons that was inspected in solution by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Moreover, after hydrolysis of the carboxymethyl group the resulting complexes readily react with the surface of titanium dioxide giving unique binuclear structures in which the deprotonated carboxy group of the coordinated β-diketonate binds the second bis-cyclometalated unit by forming a four-membered metallacycle. Though the enhanced reactivity of the complexes is contrary to the common idea of the high inertness of iridium(iii) compounds it can be seen as a consequence of the interplay between the steric hindrance induced by the ligands and the strong preference of the iridium(iii) ion for octahedral geometry. This study demonstrates that the use of bulky ligands provides access to light-harvesting iridium(iii) complexes with required extent of lability which may be promising as photocatalysts and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tatarin
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Paulina Kalle
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia. and Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin's Hills, 1-3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Ilya V Taydakov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia and G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Per., Moscow, 117997 Russian Federation
| | - Evgenia A Varaksina
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladislav M Korshunov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 53 Leninsky Prospect, Moscow 119991, Russia and Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-ya Baumanskaya Str. 5/1, 105005, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav I Bezzubov
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow 119991, Russia.
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