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Zuo Y, Zuo P, Liu M, Wang X, Du J, Li X, Zhang P, Xu Z. Recent approaches for the synthesis of heterocycles from amidines via a metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5014-5031. [PMID: 38831700 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H bond activation has become one of the most important tools for constructing new chemical bonds. Introducing directing groups to the substrates is the key to a successful reaction, these directing groups can also be further transformed in the reaction. Amidines with their unique structure and reactivity are ideal substrates for transition metal-catalyzed C-H transformations. This review describes the major advances and mechanistic investigations of the C-H activation/annulation tandem reactions of amidines until early 2024, focusing on metal-catalyzed C-H activation of amidines with unsaturated compounds, such as alkynes, ketone, vinylene carbonate, cyclopropanols and their derivatives. Meanwhile this manuscript also explores the reaction of amidines with different carbene precursors, for example diazo compounds, azide, triazoles, pyriodotriazoles, and sulfoxonium ylides as well as their own C-H bond activation/cyclization reactions. A bright outlook is provided at the end of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Zuo
- Kunshan Customs, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
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Thammanatpong K, Surawatanawong P. Mechanisms of hydrogen evolution by six-coordinate cobalt complexes: a density functional study on the role of a redox-active pyridinyl-substituted diaminotriazine benzamidine ligand as a proton relay. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6006-6019. [PMID: 38469898 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction is an important process for energy storage. The six-coordinate cobalt complex [CoIII(L1-)(LH)]2+ (LH = N-(4-amino-6-(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)benzamidine) was found to catalyze photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In this work, we performed density functional calculations to obtain the reduction potentials and the proton-transfer free energy of possible intermediates to determine the preferred pathways for proton reduction. The mechanism involves the metal-based reduction of Co(III) to Co(II) before the protonation at the amidinate N on the pyridinyl-substituted diaminotriazine benzamidinate ligand L1- to form [CoII(LH)(LH)]2+. Essentially, the subsequent electron transfer is not metal-based reduction, but rather ligand-based reduction to form [CoII(LH)(LH˙1-)]1+. Through a proton-coupled electron transfer process, the cobalt hydride [CoIIH(LH)(LH2˙)]1+ is formed as the key intermediate for hydrogen evolution. As the cobalt hydride complex is coordinatively saturated, a structural change is required when the hydride on Co is coupled with the proton on pyridine. Notably, the redox-active nature of the ligand results in the low acidity of the protonated pyridine moiety of LH2˙, which impedes its function as a proton relay. Our findings suggest that separating the proton relay fragment from the electron reservoir fragment of the redox-active ligand is preferred for fully utilizing both features in catalytic H2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittimeth Thammanatpong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Panida Surawatanawong
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
- Center of Sustainable Energy and Green Materials, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
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Jain AK, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Goldberg KI. Comparing Square-Planar Rh I and Ir I: Metal–Ligand Proton Tautomerism, Fluxionality, and Reactivity. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anant Kumar Jain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Michael R. Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Karen I. Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Rajak S, Vu NN, Kaur P, Duong A, Nguyen-Tri P. Recent progress on the design and development of diaminotriazine based molecular catalysts for light-driven hydrogen production. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ahn J, Park B, Kim J, Um MK, Yi JW, Yoo JK. Multifunctional Additives for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries: Improved Conductive Additive/Binder Networks and Enhanced Electrochemical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19970-19982. [PMID: 33880915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrical-type cells have been widely adopted by major battery and electric vehicle manufacturers owing to their price competitiveness, safety, and easy expandability. However, placement of electrodes at the core of cylindrical cells is currently restricted because of high electrode curvature and the lack of specialized electrodes and electrode materials. Here, we report the realization of highly flexible high-energy-density electrodes (active material loading of >98.4%) that can be used at the cores of cylindrical cells. The improved properties result from the introduction of a multifunctional poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde) (MF copolymer) additive, which yields a relatively more fluidic and well-dispersed slurry using only 0.08 wt %. MF copolymer-mediated formation of completely wrapped CNT/PVDF networks on LiCoO2 (LCO) and accompanying contact enhancement between LCO and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) resulted in an increase of electrical and mechanical properties of the two types (composites with or without collectors) of electrodes compared with those of additive-free electrodes. Flexibility tests were carried out by rolling electrodes onto cylinder substrates (diameters of ca. 1 and 10 mm); this process resulted in relatively lower resistance changes of the MF copolymer-containing electrodes than for the reference electrodes. In addition, capacity retention after 100 cycles for cells with and without MF copolymers was approximately 10-20% better for the samples with the MF copolymer than for those without. CNT/PVDF networks with MF copolymers were proven to induce a relatively thin and stable cathode electrolyte interface layer accompanying the chemical bond formation during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junho Ahn
- Carbon Composites Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongho Park
- Carbon Composites Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsoon Kim
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kwang Um
- Carbon Composites Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Yi
- Carbon Composites Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Keun Yoo
- Carbon Composites Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
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