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Xu X, Gao L, Yuan S. Stepwise construction of multi-component metal-organic frameworks. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15233-15252. [PMID: 37555272 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01668d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Multi-component metal-organic frameworks (MC-MOFs) are crystalline porous materials containing multiple organic ligands or mixed metals, which manifest new properties beyond the linear combination of the single component. However, the traditional one-pot synthesis method for MOFs is not always applicable for synthesizing MC-MOFs due to the competitive coordination of multiple ligands and metals. Therefore, the stepwise construction of MC-MOFs has been explored, which enables more precise control of the heterogeneity within the ordered MC-MOFs. This review provides a summary of the synthesis strategies, namely, ligand exchange, coordinative modification, covalent modification, ligand metalation, cluster metalation, and use of mixed-metal precursors, for the stepwise construction of MC-MOFs. Furthermore, we discuss the applications of MC-MOFs with ordered arrangements of multiple functionalities, focusing on gas adsorption and separation, water remediation, heterogeneous catalysis, luminescence, and chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Ye X, Chung LH, Li K, Zheng S, Wong YL, Feng Z, He Y, Chu D, Xu Z, Yu L, He J. Organic radicals stabilization above 300 °C in Eu-based coordination polymers for solar steam generation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6116. [PMID: 36253477 PMCID: PMC9576730 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic radicals feature unpaired electrons, and these compounds may have applications in biomedical technology and as materials for solar energy conversion. However, unpaired electrons tend to pair up (to form chemical bonds), making radicals unstable and hampering their applications. Here we report an organic radical system that is stable even at 350 °C, surpassing the upper temperature limit (200 °C) observed for other organic radicals. The system reported herein features a sulfur-rich organic linker that facilitates the formation of the radical centers; on the solid-state level, the molecules are crystallized with Eu(III) ions to form a 3D framework featuring stacks of linker molecules. The stacking is, however, somewhat loose and allows the molecules to wiggle and transform into sulfur-stabilized radicals at higher temperatures. In addition, the resulting solid framework remains crystalline, and it is stable to water and air. Moreover, it is black and features strong broad absorption in the visible and near IR region, thereby enhancing both photothermal conversion and solar-driven water evaporation. Organic radicals have potential applications in a variety of fields, including energy conversion. Here, the authors report Eu-based coordination polymers that enable the stabilization of organic radicals up to 350 °C; these systems can be used to enhance solar steam generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhe Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lai-Hon Chung
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Kedi Li
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Saili Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan-Lung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zihao Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yonghe He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dandan Chu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhengtao Xu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Lin Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Hazra A, Bonakala S, Adalikwu SA, Balasubramanian S, Maji TK. Fluorocarbon-Functionalized Superhydrophobic Metal-Organic Framework: Enhanced CO 2 Uptake via Photoinduced Postsynthetic Modification. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3823-3833. [PMID: 33655749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of porous materials for selective capture of CO2 in the presence of water vapor is of paramount importance in the context of practical separation of CO2 from the flue gas stream. Here, we report the synthesis and structural characterization of a photoresponsive fluorinated MOF {[Cd(bpee)(hfbba)]·EtOH}n (1) constructed by using 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(benzoic acid) (hfbba), Cd(NO3)2, and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpee) as building units. Due to the presence of the fluoroalkyl -CF3 functionality, compound 1 exhibits superhydrophobicity, which is validated by both water vapor adsorption and contact angle measurements (152°). The parallel arrangement of the bpee linkers makes compound 1 a photoresponsive material that transforms to {[Cd2(rctt-tpcb)(hfbba)2]·2EtOH}n (rctt-tpcb = regio cis,trans,trans-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)cyclobutane; 1IR) after a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction. The photomodified framework 1IR exhibits increased uptake of CO2 in comparison to 1 under ambient conditions due to alteration of the pore surface that leads to additional weak electron donor-acceptor interactions with the -CF3 groups, as examined through periodic density functional theory calculations. The enhanced uptake is also aided by an expansion of the pore window, which contributes to increasing the rotational entropy of CO2, as demonstrated through force field based free energy calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Hazra
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064 (India)
| | - Satyanarayana Bonakala
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064 (India)
| | - Stephen Adie Adalikwu
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064 (India)
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064 (India)
| | - Tapas Kumar Maji
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, School of Advanced Materials (SAMat), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore-560064 (India)
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Chakraborty G, Park IH, Medishetty R, Vittal JJ. Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Materials: Synthesis, Structures, Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3751-3891. [PMID: 33630582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - In-Hyeok Park
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, South Korea
| | | | - Jagadese J. Vittal
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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