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Shillito GE, Preston D, Crowley JD, Wagner P, Harris SJ, Gordon KC, Kupfer S. Controlling Excited State Localization in Bichromophoric Photosensitizers via the Bridging Group. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4947-4956. [PMID: 38437618 PMCID: PMC10951951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
A series of photosensitizers comprised of both an inorganic and an organic chromophore are investigated in a joint synthetic, spectroscopic, and theoretical study. This bichromophoric design strategy provides a means by which to significantly increase the excited state lifetime by isolating the excited state away from the metal center following intersystem crossing. A variable bridging group is incorporated between the donor and acceptor units of the organic chromophore, and its influence on the excited state properties is explored. The Franck-Condon (FC) photophysics and subsequent excited state relaxation pathways are investigated with a suite of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques in combination with scalar-relativistic quantum chemical calculations. It is demonstrated that the presence of an electronically conducting bridge that facilitates donor-acceptor communication is vital to generate long-lived (32 to 45 μs), charge-separated states with organic character. In contrast, when an insulating 1,2,3-triazole bridge is used, the excited state properties are dominated by the inorganic chromophore, with a notably shorter lifetime of 60 ns. This method of extending the lifetime of a molecular photosensitizer is, therefore, of interest for a range of molecular electronic devices and photophysical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E. Shillito
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dan Preston
- Research
School of Chemistry, Australian National
University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Pawel Wagner
- University
of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller
University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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2
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Palion-Gazda J, Choroba K, Penkala M, Rawicka P, Machura B. Further Insights into the Impact of Ligand-Localized Excited States on the Photophysics of Phenanthroline-Based Rhenium(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1356-1366. [PMID: 38155540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The present work shows the pivotal role of N-donor substituents attached to 1,10-phenanthroline at the 4,7-positions in perturbation of ground- and excited-state properties of fac-[ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)]. Excited-state processes occurring upon photoexcitation in the designed systems were thoroughly explored with a wide range of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques, including transient absorption, as well as experimental results were complemented by theoretical studies based on the density functional theory (DFT). It was demonstrated that the attachment of six-membered heterocyclic amines (piperidine─ppr, morpholine─mor, and thiomorpholine─tmor) is a very effective tool for extending absorptivity and excited-state lifetimes of resulting fac-[ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)] due to the contribution of the excited state localized on the phenanthroline-based ligand. Both absorption and emission properties of these systems were attributed to configurationally mixed MLCT/IL excited states. Re(I) complexes with phenoxazine (pxz) and phenothiazine (ptz) substituents were shown to possess charge-separated excited states, clearly evidenced by the simultaneous presence of signals typical of phen-* and pxz+* or ptz+* in transient absorption spectra. Both complexes are rare examples of NIR light-emitting coordination compounds. The decoration of the phen framework with less polar 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroacridine (dmac) groups resulted in the formation of [ReCl(CO)3(R2phen)] with mixed 3MLCT/3ILCT triplet excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Palion-Gazda
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Choroba
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Mateusz Penkala
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Rawicka
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1a, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland
| | - Barbara Machura
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
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3
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Yang G, Shillito GE, Zens C, Dietzek-Ivanšić B, Kupfer S. The three kingdoms-Photoinduced electron transfer cascades controlled by electronic couplings. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:024109. [PMID: 37428052 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Excited states are the key species in photocatalysis, while the critical parameters that govern their applications are (i) excitation energy, (ii) accessibility, and (iii) lifetime. However, in molecular transition metal-based photosensitizers, there is a design tension between the creation of long-lived excited (triplet), e.g., metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) states and the population of such states. Long-lived triplet states have low spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and hence their population is low. Thus, a long-lived triplet state can be populated but inefficiently. If the SOC is increased, the triplet state population efficiency is improved-coming at the cost of decreasing the lifetime. A promising strategy to isolate the triplet excited state away from the metal after intersystem crossing (ISC) involves the combination of transition metal complex and an organic donor/acceptor group. Here, we elucidate the excited state branching processes in a series of Ru(II)-terpyridyl push-pull triads by quantum chemical simulations. Scalar-relativistic time-dependent density theory simulations reveal that efficient ISC takes place along 1/3MLCT gateway states. Subsequently, competitive electron transfer (ET) pathways involving the organic chromophore, i.e., 10-methylphenothiazinyl and the terpyridyl ligands are available. The kinetics of the underlying ET processes were investigated within the semiclassical Marcus picture and along efficient internal reaction coordinates that connect the respective photoredox intermediates. The key parameter that governs the population transfer away from the metal toward the organic chromophore either by means of ligand-to-ligand (3LLCT; weakly coupled) or intra-ligand charge transfer (3ILCT; strongly coupled) states was determined to be the magnitude of the involved electronic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjun Yang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Georgina E Shillito
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek-Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V. Department Functional Interfaces, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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4
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Brückmann J, Müller C, Maisuradze T, Mengele AK, Nauroozi D, Fauth S, Gruber A, Gräfe S, Leopold K, Kupfer S, Dietzek‐Ivanšić B, Rau S. Pyrimidoquinazolinophenanthroline Opens Next Chapter in Design of Bridging Ligands for Artificial Photosynthesis**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200766. [PMID: 35719124 PMCID: PMC9546224 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and detailed characterization of a new Ru polypyridine complex containing a heteroditopic bridging ligand with previously unexplored metal‐metal distances is presented. Due to the twisted geometry of the novel ligand, the resultant division of the ligand in two distinct subunits leads to steady state as well as excited state properties of the corresponding mononuclear Ru(II) polypyridine complex resembling those of prototype [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2'‐bipyridine). The localization of the initially optically excited and the nature of the long‐lived excited states on the Ru‐facing ligand spheres is evaluated by resonance Raman and fs‐TA spectroscopy, respectively, and supported by DFT and TDDFT calculations. Coordination of a second metal (Zn or Rh) to the available bis‐pyrimidyl‐like coordination sphere strongly influences the frontier orbitals, apparent by, for example, luminescence quenching. Thus, the new bridging ligand motif offers electronic properties, which can be adjusted by the nature of the second metal center. Using the heterodinuclear Ru−Rh complex, visible light‐driven reduction of NAD+ to NADH was achieved, highlighting the potential of this system for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V. Department Functional Interfaces Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Tamar Maisuradze
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Alexander K. Mengele
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sven Fauth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Andreas Gruber
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Kerstin Leopold
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek‐Ivanšić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) e.V. Department Functional Interfaces Albert-Einstein-Straße 9 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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5
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Liang Z, Yan X, Cui H, Xie H, Li H, Yan D, Ye C, Wang X, Tao X. Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion from Ru(II) Phenanthroline Complexes and 2‐Substituted Anthracene Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuo‐Qin Liang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hao Cui
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Huan‐Ran Xie
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Hui Li
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Dong Yan
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Chang‐Qing Ye
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xiao‐Mei Wang
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible & Printing Optoelectronic Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering Suzhou University of Science and Technology Suzhou 215009 China
| | - Xu‐Tang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Shandong University Jinan 250100 China
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6
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Argüello Cordero MA, Boden PJ, Rentschler M, Di Martino-Fumo P, Frey W, Yang Y, Gerhards M, Karnahl M, Lochbrunner S, Tschierlei S. Comprehensive Picture of the Excited State Dynamics of Cu(I)- and Ru(II)-Based Photosensitizers with Long-Lived Triplet States. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:214-226. [PMID: 34908410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ru(II)- and Cu(I)-based photosensitizers featuring the recently developed biipo ligand (16H-benzo-[4',5']-isoquinolino-[2',1',:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthrolin-16-one) were comprehensively investigated by X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, and especially several time-resolved spectroscopic methods covering all time scales from femto- to milliseconds. The analysis of the experimental results is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The biipo ligand consists of a coordinating 1,10-phenanthroline moiety fused with a 1,8-naphthalimide unit, which results in an extended π-system with an incorporated electron acceptor moiety. In a previous study, it was shown that this ligand enabled a Ru(II) complex that is an efficient singlet oxygen producer and of potential use for other light-driven applications due to its long emission lifetime. The goal of our here presented research is to provide a full spectroscopic picture of the processes that follow optical excitation. Interestingly, the Ru(II) and Cu(I) complexes differ in their characteristics even though the lowest electronically excited states involve in both cases the biipo ligand. The combined spectroscopic results indicate that an emissive 3MLCT state and a rather dark 3LC state are populated, each to some extent. For the Cu(I) complex, most of the excited population ends up in the 3LC state with an extraordinary lifetime of 439 μs in the solid state at 20 K, while a significant population of the 3MLCT state causes luminescence for the Ru(II) complex. Hence, there is a balance between these two states, which can be tuned by altering the metal center or even by thermal energy, as suggested by the temperature-dependent experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Argüello Cordero
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Pit Jean Boden
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Martin Rentschler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick Di Martino-Fumo
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Yingya Yang
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Chemistry Department and Research Center Optimas, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Lochbrunner
- Institute for Physics and Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstraße 17, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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7
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Schmid MA, Brückmann J, Bösking J, Nauroozi D, Karnahl M, Rau S, Tschierlei S. Merging of a Perylene Moiety Enables a Ru II Photosensitizer with Long-Lived Excited States and the Efficient Production of Singlet Oxygen. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103609. [PMID: 34767288 PMCID: PMC9299699 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multichromophoric systems based on a RuII polypyridine moiety containing an additional organic chromophore are of increasing interest with respect to different light‐driven applications. Here, we present the synthesis and detailed characterization of a novel RuII photosensitizer, namely [(tbbpy)2Ru((2‐(perylen‐3‐yl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]‐phenanthrolline))](PF6)2RuipPer, that includes a merged perylene dye in the back of the ip ligand. This complex features two emissive excited states as well as a long‐lived (8 μs) dark state in acetonitrile solution. Compared to prototype [(bpy)3Ru]2+‐like complexes, a strongly altered absorption (ϵ=50.3×103 M−1 cm−1 at 467 nm) and emission behavior caused by the introduction of the perylene unit is found. A combination of spectro‐electrochemistry and time‐resolved spectroscopy was used to elucidate the nature of the excited states. Finally, this photosensitizer was successfully used for the efficient formation of reactive singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Ann Schmid
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jannik Brückmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julian Bösking
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Djawed Nauroozi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Department of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 31, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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