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Al Khalyfeh K, Ghazzy A, Al-As' Ad RM, Rüffer T, Kanoun O, Lang H. Ferrocenyl-triazole complexes and their use in heavy metal cation sensing. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20572-20584. [PMID: 38946768 PMCID: PMC11211737 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04023f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Complexes tris((1-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (3), bis((1-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)amine (6), bis((1-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl)ether (7), and 1-ferrocenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methanamine (9) were synthesized using the copper-catalyzed click reaction. Complexes 3, 6, 7, and 9 were characterized using NMR (1H and 13{1H}) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. Structures of 3, 7, and 9 in the solid state were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It was found that the triazole rings were planar and slightly twisted with respect to the cyclopentadienyl groups attached to them. Chains and 3D network structures were observed due to the presence of π⋯π and C-H⋯N interactions between the cyclopentadienyl and triazole ligands. A reversible redox behavior of the Fc groups between 239 and 257 mV with multicycle stability was characteristic for all the compounds, revealing that the electrochemically generated species Fc+ remained soluble in dichloromethane. Electrochemical sensor tests demonstrated the applicability of all the complexes to enhance the quantification sensing behavior of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) toward Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Al Khalyfeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Ma'an 71111 Jordan
| | - Asma Ghazzy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman 19328 Jordan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University Amman 19328 Jordan
| | - Randa M Al-As' Ad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Al-Hussein Bin Talal University Ma'an 71111 Jordan
| | - Tobias Rüffer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Chemnitz University of Technology 09111 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology 09126 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Heinrich Lang
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Research Group Organometallics, Chemnitz University of Technology 09126 Chemnitz Germany
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Stroek W, Albrecht M. Application of first-row transition metal complexes bearing 1,2,3-triazolylidene ligands in catalysis and beyond. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6322-6344. [PMID: 38726664 PMCID: PMC11181992 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00021h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Triazole-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes, triazolylidenes (trz) have become an interesting alternative to the ubiquitous Arduengo-type imidazole-derived carbenes, in part because they are stronger donors, and in other parts due to their versatile synthesis through different types of click reactions. While the use of trz ligands has initially focused on their coordination to precious metals for catalytic applications, the recent past has seen a growing interest in their impact on first-row transition metals. Coordination of trz ligands to such 3d metals is more challenging due to the orbital mismatch between the carbene and the 3d metal center, which also affects the stability of such complexes. Here we summarize the strategies that have been employed so far to overcome these challenges and to prepare first-row transition metal complexes containing at least one trz ligand. Both properties and reactivities of these trz complexes are comprehensively compiled, with a focus on photophysical properties and, in particular, on the application of these complexes in homogeneous catalysis. The diversity of catalytic transformations entailed with these trz 3d metal complexes as well as the record-high performance in some of the reactions underpins the benefits imparted by trz ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wowa Stroek
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Matsubara K, Yamada Y, Iwasaki H, Ikeda H, Kanetsugu Y, Kawata S, Koga Y. A 1,2,3-triazole-derived pincer-type mesoionic carbene complex of iron(II): carbonyl elimination and hydrosilylation of aromatic aldehydes via the concerted reaction with hydrosilane and a base. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:572-582. [PMID: 36537300 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03617g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron complexes bearing 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene were synthesized and applied to the reaction with hydrosilane and homogeneous catalytic hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones and aldehydes. Addition of a free carbene to a solution of Fe(CO)4Br2 yielded an octahedral, diamagnetic and cationic iron(II) complex [Fe(1,2,3-triazolylidene)(CO)2Br]+. Pyrolysis of the dicarbonyl complex eliminated the two CO ligands to form a paramagnetic four-coordinate complex. A theoretical study using DFT calculations indicated that the spin state changed from singlet to quintet during ligand elimination. Investigations of the successful hydrosilylation of acetophenone and benzaldehyde derivatives using MIC-iron(II) bromide suggested the importance of the base for efficient conversion in the catalytic process. The bromide-to-hydride exchange reaction, transmetallation, of MIC-iron(II) bromide in the presence of KOtBu and HSi(OEt)3 which could occur in the initial process of hydrosilylation was proposed, and supported by a theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouki Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuji Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Haruka Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Hayao Ikeda
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kanetsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kawata
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yuji Koga
- Department of Chemistry, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Wang J, Guo RT, Bi ZX, Chen X, Hu X, Pan WG. A review on TiO 2-x-based materials for photocatalytic CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11512-11528. [PMID: 35917276 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic CO2 reduction technology has a broad potential for dealing with the issues of energy shortage and global warming. As a widely studied material used in the photocatalytic process, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been continuously modified and tailored for more desirable application. Recently, the defective/reduced titanium dioxide (TiO2-x) catalyst has attracted broad attention due to its excellent photocatalytic performance for CO2 reduction. In this perspective review, we comprehensively present the recent progress in TiO2-x-based materials for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In detail, the review starts with the fundamentals of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. Then, the synthesis of a defective TiO2 structure is introduced for the regulation of its photocatalytic performance, especially its optical properties and dissociative adsorption properties. In addition, the current application of TiO2-x-based photocatalysts for CO2 reduction is also highlighted, such as metal-TiO2-x, oxide-TiO2-x and TiO2-x-carbon-based photocatalysts. Finally, the existing challenges and possible scope of photocatalytic CO2 reduction over TiO2-x-based materials are discussed. We hope that this review can provide an effective reference for the development of more efficient and reasonable photocatalysts based on TiO2-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Rui-Tang Guo
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Xu Bi
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xing Hu
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei-Guo Pan
- College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Power Generation Environment Protection, Shanghai, China
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Maity R, Sarkar B. Chemistry of Compounds Based on 1,2,3-Triazolylidene-Type Mesoionic Carbenes. JACS AU 2022; 2:22-57. [PMID: 35098220 PMCID: PMC8790748 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbenes (MICs) of the 1,2,3-triazolylidene type have established themselves as a popular class of compounds over the past decade. Primary reasons for this popularity are their modular synthesis and their strong donor properties. While such MICs have mostly been used in combination with transition metals, the past few years have also seen their utility together with main group elements. In this paper, we present an overview of the recent developments on this class of compounds that include, among others, (i) cationic and anionic MIC ligands, (ii) the donor/acceptor properties of these ligands with a focus on the several methods that are known for estimating such donor/acceptor properties, (iii) a detailed overview of 3d metal complexes and main group compounds with these MIC ligands, (iv) results on the redox and photophysical properties of compounds based on MIC ligands, and (v) an overview on electrocatalysis, redox-switchable catalysis, and small-molecule activation to highlight the applications of compounds based on MIC ligands in contemporary chemistry. By discussing several aspects from the synthetic, spectroscopic, and application point of view of these classes of compounds, we highlight the state of the art of compounds containing MICs and present a perspective for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramananda Maity
- Dr.
R. Maity Department of Chemistry, University
of Calcutta, 92, A. P.
C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Prof.
Dr. B. Sarkar Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Koordinationschemie,
Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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Schumacher C, Molitor C, Smid S, Truong KN, Rissanen K, Bolm C. Mechanochemical Syntheses of N-Containing Heterocycles with TosMIC. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14213-14222. [PMID: 34405999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A mechanochemical van Leusen pyrrole synthesis with a base leads to 3,4-disubstitued pyrroles in moderate to excellent yields. The developed protocol is compatible with a range of electron-withdrawing groups and can also be applied to the synthesis of oxazoles. Attempts to mechanochemically convert the resulting pyrroles into porphyrins proved to be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schumacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Claude Molitor
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Smid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Khai-Nghi Truong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P.O. Box 35, Survontie 9 B, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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