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Huang XK, Zhou HY, Liu GF, Ye BH. Template Synthesis of Cyclometalated Macrocycle Iridium(III) Complexes Based on Photoinduced C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions In Situ. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24654-24664. [PMID: 38882114 PMCID: PMC11171095 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of metal macrocycle complexes holds paramount importance in coordination and supramolecular chemistry. Toward this end, we report a new, mild, and efficient protocol for the synthesis of cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes: [Ir(L1)](PF6) (1), [Ir(L2)](PF6) (2), and [Ir(L3)](PF6) (3), where L1 presents 10,17-dioxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclooctadecaphane, L2 is 10,13,16,19,22,25-hexaoxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclohexacosaphane, and L3 is 4-methyl-10,13,16,19,22,25-hexaoxa-3,6-diaza-2(2,8),7(8,2)-diquinolina-1,8(1,4)-dibenzenacyclohexacosaphane. This synthesis involves the preassembly of two symmetric 2-phenylquinoline arms into C-shape complexes, followed by cyclization with diamine via in situ interligand C-N cross-coupling, employing a metal ion as a template. Moreover, the synthetic yield of these cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, tethered by an 18-crown-6 ether-like chain, is significantly enhanced in the presence of K+ ion as a template. The resultant cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes exhibit high stability, efficient singlet oxygen generation, and superior catalytic activity for the aerobic selective oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides under visible light irradiation in aqueous media at room temperature. The photocatalyst 2 demonstrates recyclability and can be reused at least 10 times without a significant loss of catalytic activity. These results unveil a new and complementary approach to the design and in situ synthesis of cyclometalated macrocycle Ir(III) complexes via a mild interligand-coupling strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Gao-Feng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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2
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Huang XK, Li LP, Zhou HY, Xiong MF, Fan JY, Ye BH. Switching the Photoreactions of Ir(III) Diamine Complexes between C-N Coupling and Dehydrogenation under Visible Light Irradiation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20834-20847. [PMID: 36520143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The selective photoreactions under mild conditions play an important role in synthetic chemistry. Herein, efficient and mild protocols for switching the photoreactions of Ir(III)-diamine complexes between the interligand C-N coupling and dehydrogenation are developed in the presence of O2 in EtOH solution. The photoreactions of achiral diamine complexes rac-[Ir(L)2(dm)](PF6) (L is 2-phenylquinoline or 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)quinoline, dm is 1,2-ethylenediamine, 1,2-diaminopropane, 2-methyl-1,2-diamino-propane, or N,N'-dimethyl-1,2-ethylenediamine) are competitive in the oxidative C-N coupling and dehydrogenation at room temperature, which can be switched into the interligand C-N coupling reaction at 60 °C, affording hexadentate complexes in good to excellent yields, or the dehydrogenative reaction in the presence of a catalytic amount of TEMPO as an additive, affording imine complexes. Mechanism studies reveal that 1O2 is the major reactive oxygen species, and metal aminyl is the key intermediate in the formation of the oxidative C-N coupling and imine products in the photoreaction processes. These will provide a new and practical protocol for the synthesis of multidentate and imine ligands in situ via the postcoordinated strategy under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Yun Zhou
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
| | - Ming-Feng Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
| | - Jing-Yan Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 Guangdong, China
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3
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Bawden JC, Francis PS, DiLuzio S, Hayne DJ, Doeven EH, Truong J, Alexander R, Henderson LC, Gómez DE, Massi M, Armstrong BI, Draper FA, Bernhard S, Connell TU. Reinterpreting the Fate of Iridium(III) Photocatalysts─Screening a Combinatorial Library to Explore Light-Driven Side-Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11189-11202. [PMID: 35704840 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysts are primarily selected based on ground and excited state properties, but their activity is also intrinsically tied to the nature of their reduced (or oxidized) intermediates. Catalyst reactivity often necessitates an inherent instability, thus these intermediates represent a mechanistic turning point that affords either product formation or side-reactions. In this work, we explore the scope of a previously demonstrated side-reaction that partially saturates one pyridine ring of the ancillary ligand in heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes. Using high-throughput synthesis and screening under photochemical conditions, we identified different chemical pathways, ultimately governed by ligand composition. The ancillary ligand was the key factor that determined photochemical stability. Following photoinitiated electron transfer from a sacrificial tertiary amine, the reduced intermediate of complexes containing 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives exhibited long-term stability. In contrast, complexes containing 2,2'-bipyridines were highly susceptible to hydrogen atom transfer and ancillary ligand modification. Detailed characterization of selected complexes before and after transformation showed differing effects on the ground and excited state reduction potentials dependent on the nature of the cyclometalating ligands and excited states. The implications of catalyst stability and reactivity in chemical synthesis was demonstrated in a model photoredox reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Bawden
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stephen DiLuzio
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - David J Hayne
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Egan H Doeven
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Johnny Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Richard Alexander
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Luke C Henderson
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Daniel E Gómez
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Blake I Armstrong
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Felicity A Draper
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Stefan Bernhard
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Timothy U Connell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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4
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Xiong MF, Ye BH. Regioselective Dehydrogenation of the Secondary Amine Complexes into Imine Complexes under Visible-Light Irradiation. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
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5
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Chen X, Yao S, Li L, Ye B. Diastereoselective Photoreaction of Ir(
III
) Amine Complexes for Generation of New Multidentate Ligands
in situ
via a Postcoordinated
Interligand‐Coupling
Strategy. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing‐Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Su‐Yang Yao
- Department of Chemistry Guangdong University of Education Guangzhou Guangdong 510303 China
| | - Li‐Ping Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
| | - Bao‐Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry School of Chemistry, Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou Guangdong 510275 China
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Xiong MF, Peng HL, Zhang XP, Ye BH. Discrepancy between Proline and Homoproline in Chiral Recognition and Diastereomeric Photoreactivity with Iridium(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5423-5431. [PMID: 33818063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chiral-recognition processes of homoproline (hpro) and [Ir(pq)2(MeCN)2](PF6) (pq is 2-phenylquinoline; MeCN is acetonitrile) are investigated, in favor of formation of the thermodynamically stable diastereomers Λ-[Ir(pq)2(d-hpro)] and Δ-[Ir(pq)2(l-hpro)]. Moreover, the diastereoselective photoreactions of Δ-[Ir(pq)2(d-hpro)] and Δ-[Ir(pq)2(l-hpro)] are reported in the presence of O2 at room temperature. Diastereomer Δ-[Ir(pq)2(l-hpro)] is dehydrogenatively oxidized into imino acid complex Δ-[Ir(pq)2(hpro-2H2)] (hpro-2H2 is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydropicalinate), while diastereomer Δ-[Ir(pq)2(d-hpro)] occurs by interligand C-N cross-coupling and dehydrogenative oxidation reactions, affording three products: Δ-[Ir(pq)(d-pqh)] [pqh is N-(2-phenylquinolin-8-yl)homoproline], Δ-[Ir(pq)2(hpro-2H2)], and Δ-[Ir(pq)2(d-hpro-2H6)] [hpro-2H6 is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropicalinate]. The C-N cross-coupling and dehydrogenative oxidation reactions are competitive, and the dehydrogenative oxidation reactions are regioselective. By optimization of the photoreaction parameters such as the diastereomeric substrate, solvent, and temperature as well as base, each possible competitive product is selectively controlled. In addition, density functional theory calculations are performed to elucidate the distinctly chiral recognition between proline and hpro with an iridium(III) complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - He-Long Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shananxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Bao-Hui Ye
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, China
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