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An effective method for directly extracting lithium from α-spodumene by activated roasting and sulfuric acid leaching. J IND ENG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Liu Y, Ma B, Lü Y, Wang C, Chen Y. A review of lithium extraction from natural resources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MINERALS, METALLURGY AND MATERIALS 2023; 30:209-224. [PMCID: PMC9768727 DOI: 10.1007/s12613-022-2544-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Lithium is considered to be the most important energy metal of the 21st century. Because of the development trend of global electrification, the consumption of lithium has increased significantly over the last decade, and it is foreseeable that its demand will continue to increase for a long time. Limited by the total amount of lithium on the market, lithium extraction from natural resources is still the first choice for the rapid development of emerging industries. This paper reviews the recent technological developments in the extraction of lithium from natural resources. Existing methods are summarized by the main resources, such as spodumene, lepidolite, and brine. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared. Finally, reasonable suggestions are proposed for the development of lithium extraction from natural resources based on the understanding of existing methods. This review provides a reference for the research, development, optimization, and industrial application of future processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Baozhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yingwei Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Recovery and Extraction of Rare and Precious Metals, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083 China
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Rosales GD, Resentera AC, Braga PF, Esquivel MR, Rodriguez MH. Simple process for lithium extraction from α-spodumene with potassium fluoride: modeling and optimization. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Qiu S, Sun T, Zhu Y, Liu C, Yu J. Direct Preparation of Water-Soluble Lithium Salts from α-Spodumene by Roasting with Different Sulfates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
- Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Integrated Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
- Joint International Laboratory for Potassium and Lithium Strategic Resources, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai200237, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Ma B, Lv Y, Wang C, Chen Y. Selective recovery and efficient separation of lithium, rubidium, and cesium from lepidolite ores. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Multi-Technique Analytical Approach to Quantitative Analysis of Spodumene. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish the capability of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods to determine different spodumene forms (α-, β- and γ-spodumene) occurring during heat treatment of lithium spodumene. It is essential to correctly identify and quantify the presence of different forms of spodumene after heat treatment to ensure optimum lithium extraction. A sample from the Haapaluoma lithium-pegmatite (western Finland) was used for this study. An experimental programme was initiated to model the progression of the mineral transformation at different stages through heat treatment. The specimen was broken down and split into five portions. One of the splits was analysed unheated with XRD, FTIR, XRF and ICP; the other four splits were analysed with XRD and FTIR after heat treatment at different temperatures from 850 to 1100 °C. In this study, we show that both laboratory-based XRD and portable FTIR methods are effective in identifying and quantifying α-, β- and ϒ-spodumene as well as impurities. The accuracy of the quantification of the minerals with XRD was established by using a mass balance calculation and was compared with the actual chemistry of the sample measured with ICP analysis. Fully quantitative XRD analysis of heat-treated spodumene is considered a challenge due to peak overlaps between the β-, and ϒ-spodumene forms, particularly when gangue minerals and amorphous content are present. The novelty of this study consists of the use of the XRD technique complemented by the Rietveld method to fully quantify the different forms of spodumene from one another: α-, β- and ϒ-spodumene, along with the gangue minerals and the amorphous content. It is also shown that reproducible systematic changes occur in the FTIR spectra that track the spodumene transformation during heat treatment. With more samples and cross-validation between the XRD results, the FTIR methodology could be developed further to provide semi-quantitative information on the different spodumene forms in the future. This would permit the use of a fast, cost-effective and portable technique for quality control of the spodumene forms, which would open opportunities across the Li value chain.
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