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Liu Y, Duan B, Zhou L, Wu Y, Wang F, Ding C, Hu J. Large enhancement of red upconversion luminescence in beta Ba 2Sc 0.67Yb 0.3Er 0.03AlO 5 phosphor via Mn 2+ ions doping for thermometry. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8893. [PMID: 38632459 PMCID: PMC11024212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, this study reports single-band red upconversion emission in β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+/Er3+ phosphor by doping Mn2+. The optimum concentration of Mn2+ ions in β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+/Er3+ phosphor was 0.20. The intensity of red and green emissions is increased by 27.4 and 19.3 times, respectively. Compared with the samples without Mn2+ ions, the red-green integral strength ratio of β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+/Er3+/Mn2+ sample was significantly increased by 28.4 times, reaching 110.9. The UCL mechanism was explored by analyzing the down-conversion luminescence spectra, absorption spectra, UCL spectra, and upconversion fluorescence lifetime decay curves of Yb3+/Er3+/Mn2+ co-doped β-Ba2ScAlO5. The enhancement of upconversion red light is achieved through energy transfer between defect bands and Er3+ ions, as well as energy transfer between Mn2+ ions and Er3+ ions. In addition, the Mn2+ doped β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+/Er3+ red UCL phosphors have great potential for ambient temperature sensing in the 298-523 K temperature range. The maximum sensitivity of β-Ba2ScAlO5: Yb3+/Er3+/Mn2+ phosphor as a temperature sensor at 523 K is 0.0247 K-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Liu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Bin Duan
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Changchun Ding
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Junshan Hu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China.
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2
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Yang G, Bai S, Li X, Liang H, Li C, Sun J, Wang Y, Huang J, Pan G, Zhu Y. Tunable and Efficient Photoluminescence of Lanthanide-Doped Cs 2NaScCl 6 Double Perovskite Single Crystals toward Multifunctional Light-Emitting Diode Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24629-24637. [PMID: 37162456 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free halide double perovskite, as one of the promising candidates for lead halide perovskite materials, shows great potential in light-emitting diodes (LEDs), benefiting from its environmental friendliness and high chemical stability. However, the poor regulation of the emission spectra severely limits its application range. Herein, various lanthanide ions were successfully doped in Cs2NaScCl6 double perovskite single crystals (DPSCs) to yield effective and stable emissions spanning from visible to near-infrared (NIR) regions. Notably, efficient energy transfer from the host to the dopants enables tunable emissions with good chromaticity, which is rarely reported in the field of lead-free double perovskite. Moreover, density functional theory calculations reveal that the high local electron density around the [LnCl6]3- octahedron in DPSCs plays a key role in the improvement of photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs). The optimal PLQYs are up to 84%, which increases around 3 times over that of the undoped sample. Finally, multicolor and NIR LEDs based on Ln3+-doped Cs2NaScCl6 DPSCs were fabricated and had different application functions. Specifically, the single-composite white LED shows adjustable coordinates and correlated color temperatures, while the NIR LED shows good night vision imaging. This work provides new inspiration for the application of efficient multifunctional LEDs based on lead-free double perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Songchao Bai
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Xueguo Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Hao Liang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Chao Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Yinhua Wang
- College of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jinshu Huang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Gencai Pan
- School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China
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Malhotra K, Hrovat D, Kumar B, Qu G, Houten JV, Ahmed R, Piunno PAE, Gunning PT, Krull UJ. Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles: Exploring A Treasure Trove of NIR-Mediated Emerging Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2499-2528. [PMID: 36602515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) possess the remarkable ability to convert multiple near-infrared (NIR) photons into higher energy ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) photons, making them a prime candidate for several advanced applications within the realm of nanotechnology. Compared to traditional organic fluorophores and quantum dots (QDs), UCNPs possess narrower emission bands (fwhm of 10-50 nm), large anti-Stokes shifts, low toxicity, high chemical stability, and resistance to photobleaching and blinking. In addition, unlike UV-vis excitation, NIR excitation is nondestructive at lower power intensities and has high tissue penetration depths (up to 2 mm) with low autofluorescence and scattering. Together, these properties make UCNPs exceedingly favored for advanced bioanalytical and theranostic applications, where these systems have been well-explored. UCNPs are also well-suited for bioimaging, optically modulating chemistries, forensic science, and other state-of-the-art research applications. In this review, an up-to-date account of emerging applications in UCNP research, beyond bioanalytical and theranostics, are presented including optogenetics, super-resolution imaging, encoded barcodes, fingerprinting, NIR vision, UCNP-assisted photochemical manipulations, optical tweezers, 3D printing, lasing, NIR-II imaging, UCNP-molecule nanohybrids, and UCNP-based persistent luminescent nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - David Hrovat
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Balmiki Kumar
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Grace Qu
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Justin Van Houten
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Reda Ahmed
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Paul A E Piunno
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Gunning Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ulrich J Krull
- Chemical Sensors Group, Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
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Synthesis of stable core-shell perovskite based nano-heterostructures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:121-130. [PMID: 35914424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite having exceptional optical and photoelectric properties, the application of organometal halide perovskites (OHP) is restricted due to the limited penetration depth of the UV excitation light and poor stability. Attempts have been made to make composite materials by mixing other materials such as upconversion nanoparticles (UCNP) with OHP. In contrast to linear absorption and emission of OHP, the nonlinear upconversion of UCNP offers numerous advantages such as deep penetration depth of the near-infrared (NIR) excitation light, minimal photodamage to biological tissues, and negligible background interference, which offer great potential in various applications such as multiplexed optical encoding, three-dimensional displays, super-resolution bioimaging, and effective solar spectrum conversion. However, it is challenging to synthesize hybrid OHP-UCNP nanocrystals due to the inherent difference in crystal structures of hexagonal phase UCNP and cubic phase OHP. In this work, we report OHP-UCNP heterostructured nanocrystals synthesized via growing cubic phase NaGdF4 UCNP over cubic phase CsPbBr3 OHP in a seed-mediated process based on a very small lattice mismatch and then converting cubic phase UCNP to hexagonal phase through heating. The juxtaposition of UCNP over OHP in a single nanocrystal facilitates efficient energy transfer from UCNP to OHP under NIR excitation and acts as a protective layer improving the stability. The stability is further enhanced by coating an inert UCNP shell on the OHP-UCNP nano-heterostructures with the same UCNP material earlier used in the heterostructures. The coating demonstrated greater stability under continuous UV exposure and in harsh environments such as high temperatures and polar solvents. These NIR excitable perovskite-UCNP nano-heterostructures with improved stability have great potential for use in new optoelectronic and biological applications.
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Recent Progress in Lanthanide-Doped Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals and Nanoheterostructures: A Future Vision of Bioimaging. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132130. [PMID: 35807969 PMCID: PMC9268392 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
All-inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals have great potential in optoelectronics and photovoltaics. However, their biological applications have not been explored much owing to their poor stability and shallow penetration depth of ultraviolet (UV) excitation light into tissues. Interestingly, the combination of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals (IHP NCs) with nanoparticles consisting of lanthanide-doped matrix (Ln NPs, such as NaYF4:Yb,Er NPs) is stable, near-infrared (NIR) excitable and emission tuneable (up-shifting emission), all of them desirable properties for biological applications. In addition, luminescence in inorganic perovskite nanomaterials has recently been sensitized via lanthanide doping. In this review, we discuss the progress of various Ln-doped all-inorganic halide perovskites (LnIHP). The unique properties of nanoheterostructures based on the interaction between IHP NCs and Ln NPs as well as those of LnIHP NCs are also detailed. Moreover, a systematic discussion of basic principles and mechanisms as well as of the recent advancements in bio-imaging based on these materials are presented. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of bio-imaging based on NIR-triggered sensitized luminescence of IHP NCs are discussed.
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Talianov PM, Yakubova AA, Bukreeva A, Masharin M, Eliseev IE, Zelenkov L, Muslimov AR, Bukatin A, Gordeeva A, Kudryavtseva V, Makarov SV, Sukhorukov GB, Timin AS, Zyuzin MV. Incorporation of Perovskite Nanocrystals into Polymer Matrix for Enhanced Stability in Biological Media: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2411-2420. [PMID: 35426657 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The outstanding optical properties and multiphoton absorption of lead halide perovskites make them promising for use as fluorescence tags in bioimaging applications. However, their poor stability in aqueous media and biological fluids significantly limits their further use for in vitro and in vivo applications. In this work, we have developed a universal approach for the encapsulation of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) (CsPbBr3 and CsPbI3) as water-resistant fluorescent markers, which are suitable for fluorescence bioimaging. The obtained encapsulated PNCs demonstrate bright green emission at 510 nm (CsPbBr3) and red emission at 688 nm (CsPbI3) under one- and two-photon excitation, and they possess an enhanced stability in water and biological fluids (PBS, human serum) for a prolonged period of time (1 week). Further in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed enhanced stability of PNCs even after their introduction directly into the biological microenvironment (CT26 cells and DBA mice). The developed approach allows making a step toward stable, low-cost, and highly efficient bioimaging platforms that are spectrally tunable and have narrow emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel M Talianov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia A Yakubova
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, Khlopin St. 8/3, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia Bukreeva
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation
| | - Mikhail Masharin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Igor E Eliseev
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, Khlopin St. 8/3, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Lev Zelenkov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Albert R Muslimov
- Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation.,Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, Khlopin St. 8/3, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Bukatin
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, Khlopin St. 8/3, St. Petersburg 194021, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra Gordeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russian Federation
| | - Valeriya Kudryavtseva
- School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Sergey V Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow 143026, Russian Federation.,School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander S Timin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Peter The Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Polytechnicheskaya 29, St. Petersburg 195251, Russian Federation.,Research School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Zyuzin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, 197101, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Liu K, Zhao J, Pan G, Zhu Y, You W, Zhang H, Gao H, Mao Y. Highly efficient and stable red perovskite quantum dots through encapsulation and sensitization of porous CaF 2:Ce,Tb nanoarchitectures. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4263-4270. [PMID: 35244135 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00544a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) are extremely unstable when exposed to oxygen, water and heat, especially red CsPbBrxI3-x (x = 0, 0.5, 1.2) PQDs. This seriously hinders their practical application. Here, red CsPbBrxI3-x (x = 0, 0.5, 1.2) PQDs have been successfully encapsulated in porous CaF2:Ce,Tb hierarchical nanospheres (HNSs), which not only greatly improved the stability of PQDs, benefitting from the protection of the CaF2 shell, but also maintained the high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of PQDs, benefitting from the sensitization of Tb3+ ions. More importantly, porous CaF2:Ce,Tb nanoarchitectures can prevent aggregation quenching and anion exchange of PQDs. Therefore, the CaF2:Ce,Tb&CsPbBrxI3-x (x = 0, 0.5, 1.2) composite powder can have high PLQY comparable to that of the PQD powder. In view of this, CaF2:Ce,Tb&CsPbBr1.2I1.8 composite based red light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are prepared, and they are very suitable as a supplementary light source for plant lighting. Furthermore, white LEDs are also prepared by coating the CaF2:Ce,Tb&CsPbBr3 and CaF2:Ce,Tb&CsPbBr1.2I1.8 composite on a 450 nm chip. The optimum luminous efficiency is 61.2 lm W-1, and the color rendering index is 91, which are comparable to the current highest values. This shows that the composite composed of PQDs has great potential in LED lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Liu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Gencai Pan
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
- Institute of Micro/Nano Photonic Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Wenwu You
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Huafang Zhang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Huiping Gao
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
| | - Yanli Mao
- International Joint Research Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Devices of Henan Province, School of Physics and Electronics, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China.
- Institute of Micro/Nano Photonic Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
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Skripka A, Mendez-Gonzalez D, Marin R, Ximendes E, Del Rosal B, Jaque D, Rodríguez-Sevilla P. Near infrared bioimaging and biosensing with semiconductor and rare-earth nanoparticles: recent developments in multifunctional nanomaterials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6310-6329. [PMID: 36133487 PMCID: PMC9417871 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00502b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Research in novel materials has been extremely active over the past few decades, wherein a major area of interest has been nanoparticles with special optical properties. These structures can overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of contrast agents routinely used in medical practice, while offering additional functionalities. Materials that absorb or scatter near infrared light, to which biological tissues are partially transparent, have attracted significant attention and demonstrated their potential in preclinical research. In this review, we provide an at-a-glance overview of the most recent developments in near infrared nanoparticles that could have far-reaching applications in the life sciences. We focus on materials that offer additional functionalities besides diagnosis based on optical contrast: multiple imaging modalities (multimodal imaging), sensing of physical and chemical cues (multivariate diagnosis), or therapeutic activity (theranostics). Besides presenting relevant case studies for each class of optically active materials, we discuss their design and safety considerations, detailing the potential hurdles that may complicate their clinical translation. While multifunctional nanomaterials have shown promise in preclinical research, the field is still in its infancy; there is plenty of room to maximize its impact in preclinical studies as well as to deliver it to the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artiom Skripka
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California 94720 USA
| | - Diego Mendez-Gonzalez
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100 Madrid 28034 Spain
| | - Riccardo Marin
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Erving Ximendes
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100 Madrid 28034 Spain
| | - Blanca Del Rosal
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, School of Science, RMIT University 124 La Trobe St Melbourne VIC 3000 Australia
| | - Daniel Jaque
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) Ctra. Colmenar km. 9.100 Madrid 28034 Spain
| | - Paloma Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid 28049 Spain
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