1
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Glosz D, Jędrzejowska K, Niedzielski G, Kobylarczyk J, Zakrzewski JJ, Hooper JGM, Gryl M, Koshevoy IO, Podgajny R. Influence of O-H⋅⋅⋅Pt interactions on photoluminescent response in the (Et 4N) 2{[Pt(bph)(CN) 2][phenylene-1,4-diresorcinol]} framework. Chemistry 2024:e202400797. [PMID: 38751354 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Tunable photoluminescence (PL) is one of the hot topics in current materials science, and research performed on the molecular phases is at the forefront of this field. We present the new (Et4N)2[PtII(bph)(CN)2]⋅rez3⋅1/3H2O (Pt2rez3) (bph=biphenyl-2,2'-diyl; rez3=3,3",5,5"-tetrahydroxy-1,1':4',1"-terphenyl, phenylene-1,4-diresorcinol coformer, a linear quaternary hydrogen bond donor) co-crystal salt based on the recently appointed promising [PtII(bph)(CN)2]2- luminophore. Within the extended hydrogen-bonded subnetwork [PtII(bph)(CN)2]2- complexes and rez3 coformer molecules form two types of contacts: the rez3O-H⋅⋅⋅Ncomplex ones in the equatorial plane of the complex and non-typical rez3O-H⋅⋅⋅Pt ones along its axial direction. The combined structural, PL, and DFT approach identified the rez3O-H⋅⋅⋅Pt synthons to be crucial in promoting the noticeable uniform redshift of bph ligand centered (LC) emission compared to the LC emission of the (Et4N)2[PtII(bph)(CN)2]⋅H2O (Pt2) precursor, owing to the direct interference of the phenol group with the PtII-bph orbital system via altering the CT processes within. The high-resolution emission spectra for Pt2 and Pt2rez3 were successfully reproduced at 77 K by using the Franck-Cordon expressions. The possibility to tune PL properties along the plausible continuum of rez3O-H⋅⋅⋅Pt synthons is indicated, considering various scenarios of molecular occupation of the space above and below the complex plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Glosz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jędrzejowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Niedzielski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Kobylarczyk
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, PAN, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub J Zakrzewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348, Krakow, Poland
| | - James G M Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marlena Gryl
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Robert Podgajny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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2
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Morimoto T, Yoshida M, Sato-Tomita A, Nozawa S, Takayama J, Hiura S, Murayama A, Kobayashi A, Kato M. Vapor-Induced Assembly of a Platinum(II) Complex Loaded on Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301993. [PMID: 37581259 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Controlled self-assembly of PtII complexes is key to the development of optical and stimuli-responsive materials, but designing and precisely controlling them is still difficult owing to weak intermolecular interactions. Herein, we report the successful water-vapor-induced assembly of an anionic PtII complex [Pt(CN)2 (ppy)]- (Hppy=2-phenylpyridine) electrostatically loaded onto cationically charged layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles consisting of Mg2+ and Al3+ ions. When the PtII complexes were densely loaded onto the LDH nanoparticles, the assembly was maintained, even in dilute aqueous media. In the case of sparse loading, the PtII complexes were loaded discretely in the dry state; however, when water vapor was adsorbed, the increased mobility of the PtII complexes led to their assembly on the LDH nanoparticles. The presence of water vapor led to a drastic change in luminescence from green to orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamami Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Ayana Sato-Tomita
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nozawa
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801, Japan
| | - Junichi Takayama
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiura
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Akihiro Murayama
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, North-14 West-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0814, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
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3
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Greenberg M, Tulloch KM, Reynoso ME, Knapp JL, Sayem FH, Bartkus DD, Lum RH, LaFratta CN, Tanski JM, Anderson CM. Synthesis, Structure, and Photophysical Properties of Platinum Compounds with Thiophene-Derived Cyclohexyl Diimine Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38587-38596. [PMID: 37867690 PMCID: PMC10586441 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Platinum(II) and platinum(IV) compounds were prepared by the stereoselective and regioselective reactions of thiophene-derived cyclohexyl diimine C^N^N-ligands with [Pt2Me4(μ-SMe2)2]. Newly synthesized ligands were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and Pt(II)/Pt(IV) compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. UV-vis absorbance and photoluminescence measurements were performed on newly synthesized complexes, as well as structurally related Pt(II)/Pt(IV) compounds with benzene-derived cyclohexyl diimine ligands, in dichloromethane solution, as solids, and as 5% by weight PMMA-doped films. DFT and TD-DFT calculations were performed, and the results were compared with the observed spectroscopic properties of the newly synthesized complexes. X-ray total scattering measurements and real space pair distribution function analysis were performed on the synthesized complexes to examine the local- and intermediate-range atomic structures of the emissive solid states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
W. Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Kris M. Tulloch
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Michelle E. Reynoso
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Juliette L. Knapp
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Farman H. Sayem
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Daphne D. Bartkus
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Ryan H. Lum
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Christopher N. LaFratta
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Joseph M. Tanski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, United States
| | - Craig M. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road,Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
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4
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Sadeghian M, Gómez de Segura D, Golbon Haghighi M, Safari N, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. Luminescent Anionic Cyclometalated Organoplatinum (II) Complexes with Terminal and Bridging Cyanide Ligand: Structural and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1513-1529. [PMID: 36651903 PMCID: PMC9890487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of two series of mononuclear heteroleptic anionic cycloplatinated(II) complexes featuring terminal cyanide ligand Q+[Pt(C^N)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]- [C^N = benzoquinolate (bzq), Q+ = K+ 1 and NBu4+ 4; 2-phenylpyridinate (ppy), Q+ = K+ 2 and NBu4+ 5 and 2-(2,4- difluorophenyl)pyridinate (dfppy), Q+ = K+ 3 and NBu4+ 6] and a series of symmetrical binuclear complexes (NBu4)[Pt2(C^N)2(p-MeC6H4)2(μ-CN)] (C^N = bzq 7, ppy 8, dfppy 9). Compounds 5, 6, and 7-9 were further determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. There are no apparent intermolecular Pt···Pt interactions owing to the presence of bulky NBu4+ counterion. Slow crystallization of K[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)] 2 in acetone/hexane evolves with formation of yellow crystals, which were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods as the salt complex {[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]2K3(OCMe2)4(μ-OCMe2)2}[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(μ-CN)Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)]·2acetone (10), featuring the binuclear anionic unit 8- neutralized by an hybrid inorganic-organometallic coordination polymer {[Pt(ppy)(p-MeC6H4)(CN)]2K3(OCMe2)4(μ-OCMe2)2}+. The photophysical properties of all compounds were recorded in powder, polystyrene film, and solution states with a quantum yield up to 21% for 9 in the solid state. All complexes displayed bright emission in rigid media, and for the interpretation of their absorption and emission properties, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Sadeghian
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran,Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - David Gómez de Segura
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Nasser Safari
- Department
of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran 19839-69411, Iran
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain,
| | - M. Teresa Moreno
- Departamento
de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja
(CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain,
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5
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Shigeta Y, Nomoto T, Kato M, Mizuno M. Mechanical and Thermal ON-OFF Switching of the Vapochromic Behavior of a Luminescent Polymorphic Pt(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:66-74. [PMID: 36543520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vapochromic materials that exhibit color/luminescence changes induced by vapor exposure have attracted considerable attention. Herein, we report the grinding- and heating-induced ON-OFF switching of the vapochromic behavior of [Pt(ppyCl2)(Clacac)] (1; ppyCl2 = 2-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-chloropyridinato, Clacac = 3-chloroacetylacetonato). 1 formed yellow and orange polymorphs (1-Y and 1-O), and 1-Y could be converted to 1-Og, which showed a very similar crystal structure but with a broadened X-ray diffraction pattern compared with that of 1-O. Moreover, 1-Og can be reversibly transformed into 1-O via heating and grinding. Notably, 1-Og underwent a N,N-dimethylacetamide vapor-induced transformation to 1-Y, whereas 1-O did not undergo such a transformation. These results indicate the ON-OFF switching of vapochromic behavior induced via grinding and heating. This finding will be beneficial for developing intelligent molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shigeta
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nomoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo669-1330, Japan
| | - Motohiro Mizuno
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa920-1192, Japan
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6
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Martínez-Junquera M, Lalinde E, Moreno MT. Multistimuli-Responsive Properties of Aggregated Isocyanide Cycloplatinated(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10898-10914. [PMID: 35775932 PMCID: PMC9348835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe the neutral cyclometalated tert-butylisocyanide PtII complexes, [Pt(C∧N)Cl(CNBut)] 1, the double salts [Pt(C∧N)(CNBut)2][Pt(C∧N)Cl2] 2, and the cationic complexes [Pt(C∧N)(CNBut)2]ClO4 3 [C∧N = difluorophenylpyridine (dfppy, a), 4-(2-pyridyl)benzaldehyde (ppy-CHO, b)]. A comparative study of the pseudopolymorphs 1a, 1a·CHCl3, 1b, 1b·0.5Toluene, 1b·0.5PhF, and 3a·0.25CH2Cl2 reveals strong aggregation through Pt···Pt and/or π···π stacking interactions to give a variety of distinctive one-dimensional (1D) infinite chains, which modulate the photoluminescent properties. This intermolecular long-range aggregate formation is the main origin of the photoluminescent behavior of 1a and 1b complexes, which exhibit highly sensitive and reversible responses to multiple external stimuli including different volatile organic compounds (VOCs), solvents, temperatures, and pressures, with distinct color and phosphorescent color switching from green to red. Furthermore, complex 1b undergoes supramolecular self-assembly via Pt···Pt and/or π···π interactions into a polymer thin polystyrene (PS) film 10 wt % in response to toluene vapors, and 3a exhibits vapochromic and vapoluminescent behavior. Theoretical simulations on the dimer, trimer, and tetramer models of 1a and 1b have been carried out to get insight into the photophysical properties in the aggregated solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Martínez-Junquera
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Elena Lalinde
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreno
- Departamento de Química-Centro de Síntesis Química de La Rioja (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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7
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Group 10 metal-cyanide scaffolds in complexes and extended frameworks: Properties and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Coffey B, Clough L, Bartkus DD, McClellan IC, Greenberg MW, LaFratta CN, Tanski JM, Anderson CM. Photophysical Properties of Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Diphosphine Compounds in the Solid State and in PMMA Films. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28316-28325. [PMID: 34723028 PMCID: PMC8552474 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Platinum(II) compounds were synthesized with both chelate cyclometalated ligands and chelate diphosphine ligands. The cyclometalated ligands include phenylpyridine and a benzothiophene-containing ligand. The three new benzothiophene compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and photophysical measurements. In the case of one compound, L1-DPPM, the structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The structural coherence of the noncrystalline emissive solid state was measured by X-ray total scattering real space pair distribution function analysis. Quantum yield values of all of the platinum compounds measured in the solid state and in PMMA films were much greater than in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belle Coffey
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Lily Clough
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Daphne D. Bartkus
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Ian C. McClellan
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Matthew W. Greenberg
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Christopher N. LaFratta
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
| | - Joseph M. Tanski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York 12604, United States
| | - Craig M. Anderson
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Bard College, 30 Campus Road, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, United States
- . Tel.: 845-752-2356. Fax: 845-752-2339
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9
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Shigeta Y, Nanko R, Amemori S, Mizuno M. Coordination-based vapochromic behavior of a luminescent Pt(ii) complex with potassium ions. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30046-30053. [PMID: 35480267 PMCID: PMC9040898 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vapochromic Pt(ii) complexes that exhibit color and luminescence changes induced by the presence of vapor molecules have drawn considerable attention because of their potential use as vapor sensors. Generally, the vapochromic responsiveness of Pt(ii)-based complexes is difficult to envisage, because a typical molecular design facilitates the stabilization of a vapor-adsorbed form through weak intermolecular interactions. Herein, we investigate the vapochromic behavior of a Pt(ii) complex with potassium ions, which act as vapor coordination sites, by strongly stabilizing the vapor-adsorbed form. Upon exposure to N,N-dimethylacetamide and N,N-dimethylformamide vapors, the complex exhibits crystal structural transformation with luminescence spectral changes. Crystal structural analysis indicates that the vapor molecules are coordinated to the potassium ions after vapor exposure. This study suggests the possibility of inducing Pt(ii)-based vapochromic responsiveness through establishing potassium-ion-based vapor coordination sites. A luminescent Pt(ii) complex with potassium ions was successfully synthesized and its coordination-based vapochromic behavior was investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shigeta
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Ryota Nanko
- School of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Shogo Amemori
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan .,Graguate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan.,Institute of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Motohiro Mizuno
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan .,Graguate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan.,Institute of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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