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Boaler P, Piskorz TK, Bickerton LE, Wang J, Duarte F, Lloyd-Jones GC, Lusby PJ. Origins of High-Activity Cage-Catalyzed Michael Addition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19317-19326. [PMID: 38976816 PMCID: PMC11258793 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cage catalysis continues to create significant interest, yet catalyst function remains poorly understood. Herein, we report mechanistic insights into coordination-cage-catalyzed Michael addition using kinetic and computational methods. The study has been enabled by the detection of identifiable catalyst intermediates, which allow the evolution of different cage species to be monitored and modeled alongside reactants and products. The investigations show that the overall acceleration results from two distinct effects. First, the cage reaction shows a thousand-fold increase in the rate constant for the turnover-limiting C-C bond-forming step compared to a reference state. Computational modeling and experimental analysis of activation parameters indicate that this stems from a significant reduction in entropy, suggesting substrate coencapsulation. Second, the cage markedly acidifies the bound pronucleophile, shifting this equilibrium by up to 6 orders of magnitude. The combination of these two factors results in accelerations up to 109 relative to bulk-phase reference reactions. We also show that the catalyst can fundamentally alter the reaction mechanism, leading to intermediates and products that are not observable outside of the cage. Collectively, the results show that cage catalysis can proceed with very high activity and unique selectivity by harnessing a series of individually weak noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
J. Boaler
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laura E. Bickerton
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Jianzhu Wang
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM
School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster
Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, U.K.
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2
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Soto MA, MacLachlan MJ. Responsive macrocyclic and supramolecular structures powered by platinum. Chem Sci 2024; 15:431-441. [PMID: 38179527 PMCID: PMC10763547 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05524h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Humankind's manipulation of platinum dates back more than two millennia to burial objects. Since then, its use has evolved from purely decorative purposes in jewelry to more functional applications such as in catalysts, pharmaceuticals, and bioimaging agents. Platinum offers a range of properties arguably unmatched by any other metal, including electroactivity, photoluminescence, chromic behaviour, catalysis, redox reactivity, photoreactivity, and stimuli-controlled intermetallic interactions. The vast body of knowledge generated by the exploration of these and other properties of platinum has recently merged with other areas of chemistry such as supramolecular and host-guest chemistry. This has shown us that platinum can incorporate its responsive character into supramolecular assemblies (e.g., macrocycles and polymers) to produce materials with tailorable functions and responses. In this Perspective Article, we cover some platinum-powered supramolecular structures reported by us and others, hoping to inspire new and exciting discoveries in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Soto
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Mark J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia 2355 East Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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3
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Spicer RL, Duarte F, Lusby PJ. Picking the lock of coordination cage catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11300-11331. [PMID: 37886081 PMCID: PMC10599471 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The design principles of metallo-organic assembly reactions have facilitated access to hundreds of coordination cages of varying size and shape. Many of these assemblies possess a well-defined cavity capable of hosting a guest, pictorially mimicking the action of a substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme. While there are now a growing collection of coordination cages that show highly proficient catalysis, exhibiting both excellent activity and efficient turnover, this number is still small compared to the vast library of metal-organic structures that are known. In this review, we will attempt to unpick and discuss the key features that make an effective coordination cage catalyst, linking structure to activity (and selectivity) using lessons learnt from both experimental and computational analysis of the most notable exemplars. We will also provide an outlook for this area, reasoning why coordination cages have the potential to become the gold-standard in (synthetic) non-covalent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K Piskorz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Rebecca L Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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Abdul Rinshad V, Sahoo J, Venkateswarulu M, Hickey N, De M, Sarathi Mukherjee P. Solvent Induced Conversion of a Self-Assembled Gyrobifastigium to a Barrel and Encapsulation of Zinc-Phthalocyanine within the Barrel for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218226. [PMID: 36715420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A rare gyrobifastigium architecture (GB) was constructed by self-assembly of a tetradentate donor (L) with PdII acceptor in DMSO. The GB was converted to its isomeric tetragonal barrel (MB) upon treatment with water. The hydrophobic cavity of MB has been explored for the encapsulation of zinc-phthalocyanine (ZnPc), which is an excellent photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the poor water-solubility and aggregation tendency are the main reasons for the suboptimal PDT performance of free ZnPc in the aqueous medium. Effective solubilization of ZnPc in an aqueous medium was achieved by encapsulating it in the cavity of MB. The inclusion complex (ZnPc⊂MB) showed enhanced singlet oxygen generation in water. Higher cellular uptake and anticancer activity of the ZnPc⊂MB compared to free ZnPc on HeLa cells indicate that encapsulation of ZnPc in an aqueous host is a potential strategy for enhancement of its PDT activity in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valiyakath Abdul Rinshad
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jagabandhu Sahoo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Neal Hickey
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Mrinmoy De
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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Pfrunder MC, Marshall DL, Poad BLJ, Stovell EG, Loomans BI, Blinco JP, Blanksby SJ, McMurtrie JC, Mullen KM. Exploring the Gas-Phase Formation and Chemical Reactivity of Highly Reduced M 8 L 6 Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212710. [PMID: 36102176 PMCID: PMC9827999 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coordination cages with well-defined cavities show great promise in the field of catalysis on account of their unique combination of molecular confinement effects and transition-metal redox chemistry. Here, three coordination cages are reduced from their native 16+ oxidation state to the 2+ state in the gas phase without observable structural degradation. Using this method, the reaction rate constants for each reduction step were determined, with no noticeable differences arising following either the incorporation of a C60 -fullerene guest or alteration of the cage chemical structure. The reactivity of highly reduced cage species toward molecular oxygen is "switched-on" after a threshold number of reduction steps, which is influenced by guest molecules and the structure of cage components. These new experimental approaches provide a unique window to explore the chemistry of highly-reduced cage species that can be modulated by altering their structures and encapsulated guest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Pfrunder
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - David L. Marshall
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF)Queensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Berwyck L. J. Poad
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF)Queensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Ethan G. Stovell
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Benjamin I. Loomans
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Stephen J. Blanksby
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,Central Analytical Research Facility (CARF)Queensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - John C. McMurtrie
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
| | - Kathleen M. Mullen
- Centre for Materials Science (CFMS)Queensland University of Technology (QUT)2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia,School of Chemistry and PhysicsQueensland University of Technology2 George StreetBrisbaneQueensland4000Australia
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6
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McTernan CT, Davies JA, Nitschke JR. Beyond Platonic: How to Build Metal-Organic Polyhedra Capable of Binding Low-Symmetry, Information-Rich Molecular Cargoes. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10393-10437. [PMID: 35436092 PMCID: PMC9185692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
field of metallosupramolecular chemistry has advanced rapidly
in recent years. Much work in this area has focused on the formation
of hollow self-assembled metal-organic architectures and exploration
of the applications of their confined nanospaces. These discrete,
soluble structures incorporate metal ions as ‘glue’
to link organic ligands together into polyhedra.Most of the architectures
employed thus far have been highly symmetrical, as these have been
the easiest to prepare. Such high-symmetry structures contain pseudospherical
cavities, and so typically bind roughly spherical guests. Biomolecules
and high-value synthetic compounds are rarely isotropic, highly-symmetrical
species. To bind, sense, separate, and transform such substrates,
new, lower-symmetry, metal-organic cages are needed. Herein we summarize
recent approaches, which taken together form the first draft of a
handbook for the design of higher-complexity, lower-symmetry, self-assembled
metal-organic architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie T McTernan
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jack A Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Gramage-Doria R, Abuhafez N, Perennes A. Mimicking Enzymes: Taking Advantage of the Substrate-Recognition Properties of Metalloporphyrins in Supramolecular Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1729-9223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present review describes the most relevant advances dealing with supramolecular catalysis in which metalloporphyrins are employed as substrate-recognition sites in the second coordination sphere of the catalyst. The kinetically labile interaction between metalloporphyrins (typically, those derived from zinc) and nitrogen- or oxygen-containing substrates is energetically comparable to the non-covalent interactions (i.e., hydrogen bonding) found in enzymes enabling substrate preorganization. Much inspired from host–guest phenomena, the catalytic systems described in this account display unique activities, selectivities and action modes that are difficult to reach by applying purely covalent strategies.
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