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Pappas NS, Mason JA. Effect of modulator ligands on the growth of Co 2(dobdc) nanorods. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4647-4652. [PMID: 37152265 PMCID: PMC10155910 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Control over the size, shape, uniformity, and external surface chemistry of metal-organic framework nanocrystals is important for a wide range of applications. Here, we investigate how monotopic modulators that mimic the coordination mode of native bridging ligands affect the growth of anisotropic Co2(dobdc) (dobdc4- = 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid) nanorods. Through a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) studies, nanorod diameter was found to be strongly correlated to the acidity of the modulator and to the degree of modulator incorporation into the nanorod structure. Notably, highly acidic modulators allowed for the preparation of sub-10 nm nanorods, a previously elusive size regime for the M2(dobdc) family. More broadly, this study provides new insights into the mechanism of modulated growth of metal-organic framework nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina S Pappas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Jarad A Mason
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
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Gong X, Gnanasekaran K, Ma K, Forman CJ, Wang X, Su S, Farha OK, Gianneschi NC. Rapid Generation of Metal-Organic Framework Phase Diagrams by High-Throughput Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:6674-6680. [PMID: 35385280 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) constructed from Zr6 nodes and tetratopic carboxylate linkers display high structural diversity and complexity in which various crystal topologies can result from identical building units. To determine correlations between MOF topologies and experimental parameters, such as solvent choice or modulator identity and concentration, we demonstrate the rapid generation of phase diagrams for Zr6-MOFs with 1,4-dibromo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene linkers under a variety of conditions. We have developed a full set of methods for high-throughput transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including automated sample preparation and data acquisition, to accelerate MOF characterization. The use of acetic acid as a modulator yields amorphous, NU-906, NU-600, and mixed-phase structures depending on the ratio of N,N-dimethylformamide to N,N-diethylformamide solvent and the quantity of the modulator. Notably, the use of formic acid as a modulator enables direct control of crystal growth along the c direction through variation of the modulator quantity, thus realizing aspect ratio control of NU-1008 crystals with different catalytic hydrolysis performance toward a nerve agent simulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karthikeyan Gnanasekaran
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, and Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kaikai Ma
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher J Forman
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, and Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Shengyi Su
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering, and Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, and Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Gibbons B, Bartlett EC, Cai M, Yang X, Johnson EM, Morris AJ. Defect Level and Particle Size Effects on the Hydrolysis of a Chemical Warfare Agent Simulant by UiO-66. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16378-16387. [PMID: 34672622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Defect engineering in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has recently become an area of significant research due to the possibility of enhancing material properties such as internal surface area and catalytic activity while maintaining stable 3D structures. Through a modulator screening study, the model Zr4+ MOF, UiO-66, has been synthesized with control of particle sizes (100-1900 nm) and defect levels (2-24%). By relating these properties, two series were identified where one property remained constant, allowing for independent analysis of the defect level or particle size, which frequently change coincident with the modulator choice. The series were used to compare UiO-66 reactivity for the hydrolysis of a chemical warfare agent simulant, dimethyl 4-nitrophenylphosphate (DMNP). The rate of DMNP hydrolysis displayed high dependence on the external surface area, supporting a reaction dominated by surface interactions. Moderate to high concentrations of defects (14-24%) allow for the accessibility of some interior MOF nodes but do not substantially promote diffusion into the framework. Individual control of defect levels and particle sizes through modulator selection may provide useful materials for small molecular catalysis and provide a roadmap for similar engineering of other zirconium frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Eamon C Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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