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Bhatt T, Natte K. Transfer Hydrogenation of N- and O-Containing Heterocycles Including Pyridines with H 3N-BH 3 Under the Catalysis of the Homogeneous Ruthenium Precatalyst. Org Lett 2024; 26:866-871. [PMID: 38270139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c04051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report a transfer hydrogenation protocol that utilizes borane-ammonia (H3N-BH3) as the hydrogen source and a commercially available RuCl3·xH2O precatalyst for the selective aromatic reduction of quinolines, quinoxalines, pyridines, pyrazines, indoles, benzofurans, and furan derivatives to form the corresponding alicyclic heterocycles in good to excellent isolated yields. Applications of this straightforward protocol include the efficient preparation of useful key pharmaceutical intermediates, such as donepezil and flumequine, including a biologically active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Bhatt
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
| | - Kishore Natte
- Laboratory for Sustainable Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502 285, Telangana, India
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Li W, Shi J, He D, Chen H. Cascade Performance of Nitroarenes with Alcohols Boosted by a Hollow Flying Saucer-Shaped Ni-Al 2O 3 Catalyst via a MOF-Templated Strategy Induced by the Kirkendall Effect. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21470-21478. [PMID: 38048366 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Catalysts with an open hollow structure can enhance the mass transfer capability of the catalyst during the reaction process, thereby further improving the catalytic performance. In this work, uniform and monodisperse flying-squircher-shaped Al-MOFs were synthesized via a solvothermal method. Furthermore, a hollow structure Al2O3-supported metallic Ni catalyst (termed Ni-Al2O3-HFA) was synthesized via the Kirkendall effect for the hydrogenation-alkylation cascade reaction by employing as-synthesized Al-MOFs as a carrier for impregnation of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O through further calcination and reduction. Various characterizations (e.g., XRD, HADDF-STEM, H2-TPR) were conducted to reveal the superior performance of the developed Ni-Al2O3-HFA catalyst compared to Ni/Al2O3-IWI (Al2O3 obtained from calcination of Al-MOFs) in cascade reaction between nitroarenes and alcohols. We hope to use the MOF template method via the Kirkendall effect to prepare hollow structure nanocatalysts, which can provide a guideline for the preparation of other hollow materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizuo Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Shi
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dafang He
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiqun Chen
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Shi C, Xu R, He L, Li T, Liu S, Yun R. Endowing Nanoparticles with High Stability on the Hydrogenation Reaction by the Amino Group-Assisted Strategy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13400-13404. [PMID: 37552508 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In the field of a heterogeneous industrial catalysis process, the encapsulated structure plays a crucial role in preventing active sites from leaching during the reaction; however, related studies on the strategy to fabricate encapsulated catalysts under control remain rare. Herein, we develop an amino-assisted strategy to construct a highly stable catalyst with core-shell copper nanoparticles (NPs), namely, Cu@NC (NC represents the nitrogen-doped carbon), presenting not only excellent activity but also high durability on the hydrogenation of quinolines even in the large-scale tests, which is very vital in practical application. In contrast, in the absence of the amino group, the Cu NPs were dispersed out of the carbon surface to form Cu/NC, leading to readily lose activity in the recycling tests due to the leaching occurred during the catalytic process. This work offers a promising method to fabricate a stable catalyst to enhance durability in heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsong Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
| | - Lei He
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
| | - Tuanhui Li
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
| | - Shoujie Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Yun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China
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Changsong S, Xu R, Suo T, Yun R. Palladium particles dispersed on hollow structural support improve CO 2 conversion. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9904-9906. [PMID: 37498580 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02665e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an effective Pd/NHS catalyst has been designed and facilely synthesized with extraordinary CO2 fixation performance, which is superior to that of Pd/NS catalysts, owing to the hollow structures facilitating mass transfer and product release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Changsong
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ruiming Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Suo
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
| | - Ruirui Yun
- The Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 214001, P. R. China.
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Zhang Y, Li B, Su Y. Theoretical Insights on ORR Activity of Sn-N-C Single-Atom Catalysts. Molecules 2023; 28:5571. [PMID: 37513442 PMCID: PMC10384839 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement of efficient and stable single-atom catalysts (SACs) has become a pivotal pursuit in the field of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and metal-air batteries (MABs), aiming to enhance the utilization of clean and sustainable energy sources. The development of such SACs has been greatly significant in facilitating the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process, thereby contributing to the progress of these energy conversion technologies. However, while transition metal-based SACs have been extensively studied, there has been comparatively less exploration of SACs based on p-block main-group metals. In this study, we conducted an investigation into the potential of p-block main-group Sn-based SACs as a cost-effective and efficient alternative to platinum-based catalysts for the ORR. Our approach involved employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations to systematically examine the catalyst properties of Sn-based N-doped graphene SACs, the ORR mechanism, and their electrocatalytic performance. Notably, we employed an H atom-decorated N-based graphene matrix as a support to anchor single Sn atoms, creating a contrast catalyst to elucidate the differences in activity and properties compared to pristine Sn-based N-doped graphene SACs. Through our theoretical analysis, we gained a comprehensive understanding of the active structure of Sn-based N-doped graphene electrocatalysts, which provided a rational explanation for the observed high four-electron reactivity in the ORR process. Additionally, we analyzed the relationship between the estimated overpotential and the electronic structure properties, revealing that the single Sn atom was in a +2 oxidation state based on electronic analysis. Overall, this work represented a significant step towards the development of efficient and cost-effective SACs for ORR which could alleviate environmental crises, advance clean and sustainable energy sources, and contribute to a more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Zhang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang 43900, Malaysia
| | - Boyang Li
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yaqiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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Guan S, Liu Y, Zhang H, Shen R, Wen H, Kang N, Zhou J, Liu B, Fan Y, Jiang J, Li B. Recent Advances and Perspectives on Supported Catalysts for Heterogeneous Hydrogen Production from Ammonia Borane. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300726. [PMID: 37118857 PMCID: PMC10375177 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia borane (AB), a liquid hydrogen storage material, has attracted increasing attention for hydrogen utilization because of its high hydrogen content. However, the slow kinetics of AB hydrolysis and the indefinite catalytic mechanism remain significant problems for its large-scale practical application. Thus, the development of efficient AB hydrolysis catalysts and the determination of their catalytic mechanisms are significant and urgent. A summary of the preparation process and structural characteristics of various supported catalysts is presented in this paper, including graphite, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), metal oxides, carbon nitride (CN), molybdenum carbide (MoC), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), boron nitride (h-BN), zeolites, carbon dots (CDs), and metal carbide and nitride (MXene). In addition, the relationship between the electronic structure and catalytic performance is discussed to ascertain the actual active sites in the catalytic process. The mechanism of AB hydrolysis catalysis is systematically discussed, and possible catalytic paths are summarized to provide theoretical considerations for the designing of efficient AB hydrolysis catalysts. Furthermore, three methods for stimulating AB from dehydrogenation by-products and the design of possible hydrogen product-regeneration systems are summarized. Finally, the remaining challenges and future research directions for the effective development of AB catalysts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Guan
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, 16 Suojinwucun, Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
| | - Ruofan Shen
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Naixin Kang
- ISM, UMR CNRS N° 5255, Univ. Bordeaux, Talence Cedex, 33405, France
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, CAF, National Engineering Lab for Biomass Chemical Utilization, Key and Open Lab on Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, 16 Suojinwucun, Nanjing, 210042, P. R. China
| | - Baojun Li
- College of Science, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
- Research Center of Green Catalysis, College of Chemistry, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Road, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Coal Green Conversion, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, 454000, P. R. China
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Li Y, Meng J, Zhu Y, Yang Y, Zhang X, Zheng X. Ultrafine Ru nanoparticles confined in graphene-doped porous g-C3N4 for effectively boosting ammonia borane hydrolysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang J, Guo X, Jing Q, Li W, Chen T, Zhu R, Pang H. Rational design of self-sacrificial template derived quasi-Cu-MOF composite as anodes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Gao JP, Qi Z, Zhang FQ, Zhang XM. In situ insertion of copper to form heteroanionic D3h-symmetric [Cu 3Mo 8O 32] 10- for a templated Ag 55 nanocluster. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4469-4473. [PMID: 35262141 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00078d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A polyoxometalate-templated thiolate-protected silver nanocluster, [Cu3(Mo4O16)2@Ag55(CyhS)43(CH3O)(COOCF3)]·3H2O, has been isolated under solvothermal conditions. In situ insertion of three Cu2+ ions into two polymolybdate anions generated a new, sandwich-type D3h-symmetric [Cu3(Mo4O16)2]10- polyoxoanion template encapsulated into an Ag55(CyhS)43 shell. The structure and composition of this Ag nanocluster have been fully characterized. This work has provided a new way to develop high-nuclearity metal nanoclusters with various structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Gao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), Institute of Chemistry and Culture, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Zhikai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), Institute of Chemistry and Culture, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), Institute of Chemistry and Culture, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials (Ministry of Education), Institute of Chemistry and Culture, School of Chemistry & Material Science, Shanxi Normal University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Material (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, P. R. China
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10
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Yun R, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang Z, Luo S. A gram-scale fabrication of core–shell copper nanoparticles for efficient hydrogenation of nitroarenes. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01451c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a series of core–shell catalysts (defined as Cu@NC/PC) has been designed and synthesized for the first time using a functional polymer assistant strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Yun
- The Key Laboratory of Funcational Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Funcational Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtang, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Funcational Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Zhaoxu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtang, 411201, P. R. China
| | - Shizhong Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Funcational Molecular Solids, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
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Fang MH, Wu SY, Chang YH, Narwane M, Chen BH, Liu WL, Kurniawan D, Chiang WH, Lin CH, Chuang YC, Hsu IJ, Chen HT, Lu TT. Mechanistic Insight into the Synergetic Interaction of Ammonia Borane and Water on ZIF-67-Derived Co@Porous Carbon for Controlled Generation of Dihydrogen. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47465-47477. [PMID: 34592812 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Regarding dihydrogen as a clean and renewable energy source, ammonia borane (NH3BH3, AB) was considered as a chemical H2-storage and H2-delivery material due to its high storage capacity of dihydrogen (19.6 wt %) and stability at room temperature. To advance the development of efficient and recyclable catalysts for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB with parallel insight into the reaction mechanism, herein, ZIF-67-derived fcc-Co@porous carbon nano/microparticles (cZIF-67_nm/cZIF-67_μm) were explored to promote catalytic dehydrogenation of AB and generation of H2(g). According to kinetic and computational studies, zero-order dependence on the concentration of AB, first-order dependence on the concentration of cZIF-67_nm (or cZIF-67_μm), and a kinetic isotope effect value of 2.45 (or 2.64) for H2O/D2O identify the Co-catalyzed cleavage of the H-OH bond, instead of the H-BH2NH3 bond, as the rate-determining step in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB. Despite the absent evolution of H2(g) in the reaction of cZIF-67 and AB in the organic solvents (i.e., THF or CH3OH) or in the reaction of cZIF-67 and water, Co-mediated activation of AB and formation of a Co-H intermediate were evidenced by theoretical calculation, infrared spectroscopy in combination with an isotope-labeling experiment, and reactivity study toward CO2-to-formate/H2O-to-H2 conversion. Moreover, the computational study discovers a synergistic interaction between AB and the water cluster (H2O)9 on fcc-Co, which shifts the splitting of water into an exergonic process and lowers the thermodynamic barrier for the generation and desorption of H2(g) from the Co-H intermediates. With the kinetic and mechanistic study of ZIF-67-derived Co@porous carbon for catalytic hydrolysis of AB, the spatiotemporal control on the generation of H2(g) for the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be further investigated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hsuan Fang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Yau Wu
- Department of Chemistry and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Manmath Narwane
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Hao Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Darwin Kurniawan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - I-Jui Hsu
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tsung Chen
- Department of Chemistry and R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 320314, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Te Lu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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