1
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Mi L, Yan YJ, Li MY, Xu T, Namulinda T, Meerovich GA, Reshetov IV, Kogan EA, Atassi Y, Chen ZL. Synthesis and evaluation of 5,15-diaryltetrabenzoporphyrins as photosensitizers for photo-diagnosis and photodynamic activity of tumors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107710. [PMID: 39146762 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment modality, typically conducted with single-wavelength irradiation, which may not always be optimal for varying tumor locations and sizes. To address this, photosensitizers with absorption wavelengths ranging from 550 to 760 nm are being explored. Herein, a series of 5,15-diaryltetrabenzoporphyrins (Ar2TBPs) were synthesized. All compounds displayed obvious absorption at 550-700 nm (especially at ∼668 nm), intense fluorescence, efficient generation of singlet oxygen and good photodynamic antitumor effects. Notably, compound I3 (5,15-bis[(4-carboxymethoxy)phenyl]tetrabenzoporphyrin) showed excellent cytotoxicity against Eca-109 cell line upon red light irradiation, with an IC50 value of 0.45 μM, and phototherapeutic index of 25.8. Flow cytometry revealed that I3 could induce distinct cell apoptosis. In vivo studies revealed that compound I3 selectively accumulated at tumor site and exhibited outstanding PDT effect with antitumor activity under single-time administration and light irradiation, and revealed more efficiency than the clinical photosensitizer Verteporfin. These findings underscore the considerable promise of I3 as a robust theranostic agent, offering capabilities in real-time fluorescence imaging and serving as a potent photosensitizer for personalized and precise photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Mi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Man-Yi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Tabbisa Namulinda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Gennady A Meerovich
- General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119435, Russia
| | - Igor V Reshetov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Evgeniy A Kogan
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119992, Russia
| | - Yomen Atassi
- Department of Applied Physics, Materials Science Laboratory, Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology, Damascus 31983, Syria
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; Department of Pharmacy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
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2
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Wei L, Kushwaha R, Sadhukhan T, Wu H, Dao A, Zhang Z, Zhu H, Gong Q, Ru J, Liang C, Zhang P, Banerjee S, Huang H. Dinuclear Tridentate Ru(II) Complex with Strong Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Anticancer Activity. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11125-11137. [PMID: 38905437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The design of the dinuclear Ru(II) complex (Ru2) with strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption properties has been reported for efficient anticancer phototherapy. Under 700 nm LED light excitation, Ru2 exhibited remarkable synergistic type I/II photosensitization ability and photocatalytic activity toward intracellular biomolecules. Ru2 showed impressive 700 nm light-triggered anticancer activity under normoxia and hypoxia compared with the clinically used photosensitizer Chlorin e6. The mechanistic studies showed that Ru2 induced intracellular redox imbalance and perturbed the energy metabolism and biosynthesis in A549 cancer cells. Overall, this work provides a new strategy for developing efficient metal-based complexes for anticancer phototherapy under NIR light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Haorui Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Anyi Dao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Zhishang Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Haotu Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
| | - Qiufang Gong
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejinag 325035, P.R. China
| | - Jiaxi Ru
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejinag 325035, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advanced Research, Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejinag 325035, P.R. China
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, P.R. China
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P.R. China
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3
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Liu S, Sun T, Chou W, Gao C, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhao Y. Molecular engineering design of twisted-backbone pure Type-I organic photosensitizers for hypoxic photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116503. [PMID: 38762917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), an emerging tumor therapeutic strategy has received tremendous attention. Enslaved by the high dependence of oxygen, Type-II photosensitizers (PSs) mediated PDT is restricted by the hypoxic environment of tumors. By transferring electrons to water or other substrates instead of oxygen, Type-I PSs hold the promise of achieving an ideal therapeutic effect under hypoxic conditions. In this study, three twisted-backbone PSs (CBz-TQs-1, CBz-TQs-2 and CBz-TQs-3) are synthesized and studied. Owing to different substituent effects, the ROS generation mechanism transfers from pure Type-II of their prototype PSs (TQs-1, TQs-2 and TQs-3) to mixed Type-I/II of CBz-TQs-1 and CBz-TQs-2 to pure Type-I of CBz-TQs-3. Moreover, CBz-TQs-3 exhibits an ultra-high ROS quantum yield (∼1.0). The in vitro and in vivo PDT effects of water-dissolvable nanoparticles (NPs) of CBz-TQs-3 are investigated. The results show that the phototoxicity of CBz-TQs-3 is not affected by hypoxic environments. In addition, a remarkable tumor ablation can be found after CBz-TQs-3 NPs mediated PDT on Balb/c mice with xenograft tumors. It proves that a twisted backbone strategy is beneficial for designing pure Type-I PSs with high-efficient hypoxic PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianzhen Sun
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenxin Chou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
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4
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Fa Q, Gao X, Zhang W, Ren J, Song B, Yuan J. Tracking Plasma Membrane Damage Using a Ruthenium(II) Complex Phosphorescent Indicator Paired with Cholesterol. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10443-10451. [PMID: 38774973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Long-term in situ plasma membrane-targeted imaging is highly significant for investigating specific biological processes and functions, especially for the imaging and tracking of apoptosis processes of cells. However, currently developed membrane probes are rarely utilized to monitor the in situ damage of the plasma membrane. Herein, a transition-metal complex phosphorescent indicator, Ru-Chol, effectively paired with cholesterol, exhibits excellent properties on staining the plasma membrane, with excellent antipermeability, good photostability, large Stokes shift, and long luminescence lifetime. In addition, Ru-Chol not only has the potential to differentiate cancerous cells from normal cells but also tracks in real time the entire progression of cisplatin-induced plasma membrane damage and cell apoptosis. Therefore, Ru-Chol can serve as an efficient tool for the monitoring of morphological and physiological changes in the plasma membrane, providing assistance for drug screening and early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, such as immunodeficiency, diabetes, cirrhosis, and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Fa
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaona Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junyu Ren
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Song
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingli Yuan
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, 18 Liaohe West Road, Jinzhou New District, Dalian 116600, China
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5
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Mandal AA, Singh V, Saha S, Peters S, Sadhukhan T, Kushwaha R, Yadav AK, Mandal A, Upadhyay A, Bera A, Dutta A, Koch B, Banerjee S. Green Light-Triggered Photocatalytic Anticancer Activity of Terpyridine-Based Ru(II) Photocatalysts. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:7493-7503. [PMID: 38578920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The relentless increase in drug resistance of platinum-based chemotherapeutics has opened the scope for other new cancer therapies with novel mechanisms of action (MoA). Recently, photocatalytic cancer therapy, an intrusive catalytic treatment, is receiving significant interest due to its multitargeting cell death mechanism with high selectivity. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of three photoresponsive Ru(II) complexes, viz., [Ru(ph-tpy)(bpy)Cl]PF6 (Ru1), [Ru(ph-tpy)(phen)Cl]PF6 (Ru2), and [Ru(ph-tpy)(aip)Cl]PF6 (Ru3), where, ph-tpy = 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and aip = 2-(anthracen-9-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline, showing photocatalytic anticancer activity. The X-ray crystal structures of Ru1 and Ru2 revealed a distorted octahedral geometry with a RuN5Cl core. The complexes showed an intense absorption band in the 440-600 nm range corresponding to the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) that was further used to achieve the green light-induced photocatalytic anticancer effect. The mitochondria-targeting photostable complex Ru3 induced phototoxicity with IC50 and PI values of ca. 0.7 μM and 88, respectively, under white light irradiation and ca. 1.9 μM and 35 under green light irradiation against HeLa cells. The complexes (Ru1-Ru3) showed negligible dark cytotoxicity toward normal splenocytes (IC50s > 50 μM). The cell death mechanistic study revealed that Ru3 induced ROS-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells via mitochondrial depolarization under white or green light exposure. Interestingly, Ru3 also acted as a highly potent catalyst for NADH photo-oxidation under green light. This NADH photo-oxidation process also contributed to the photocytotoxicity of the complexes. Overall, Ru3 presented multitargeting synergistic type I and type II photochemotherapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Virendra Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sukanta Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Silda Peters
- Departmentof Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Departmentof Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Arnab Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Biplob Koch
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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6
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Maity A, Mishra VK, Dolai S, Mishra S, Patra SK. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Organometallic BODIPY-Ru(II) Dyads: Redox and Photophysical Properties with Singlet Oxygen Generation Capability†. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4839-4854. [PMID: 38433436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-acetylide complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ru1m) with alkynyl-functionalized borondipyrromethene (BODIPY) conjugates were designed by varying the position of the linker that connects the BODIPY unit to the Ru(II) metal center through acetylide linkage at either the 2-(Ru1) and 2,6-(Ru2) or the meso-phenyl (Ru1m) position of the BODIPY scaffold. The Ru(II) organometallic complexes were characterized by various spectroscopic methods, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, CHN, and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analyses. The Ru(II)-BODIPY conjugates exhibit fascinating electrochemical and photophysical properties. All BODIPY-Ru(II) complexes exhibit strong absorption (εmax = 29,000-72,000 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region (λmax = 502-709 nm). Fluorescence is almost quenched for Ru1 and Ru2, whereas Ru1m shows the residual fluorescence of the corresponding BODIPY core at 517 nm. The application of the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads as nonporphyrin-based triplet photosensitizers was explored by a method involving the singlet oxygen (1O2)-mediated photo-oxidation of diphenylisobenzofuran. Effective π-conjugation between the BODIPY chromophore and Ru(II) center in the case of Ru1 and Ru2 was found to be necessary to improve intersystem crossing (ISC) and hence the 1O2-sensitizing ability. In addition, electrochemical studies indicate electronic interplay between the metal center and the redox-active BODIPY in the BODIPY-Ru(II) dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Vipin Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Dolai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanjib K Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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7
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Wang ZF, Huang XQ, Wu RC, Xiao Y, Zhang SH. Antitumor studies evaluation of triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes with 5,7-dihalo-substituted-8-quinolinoline targeting mitophagy pathways. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 248:112361. [PMID: 37659141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Both ruthenium-containing complexes and 8-quinolinoline compounds have emerged as a potential novel agent for malignant tumor therapy. Here, three triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes, [Ru(ZW1)(PPh3)2Cl2] (PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) (RuZ1), [Ru(ZW2)(PPh3)2Cl2] (RuZ2) and [Ru(ZW2)2(PPh3)Cl2]·CH2Cl2 (RuZ3) bearing 5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol (H-ZW1) and 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinaldine (H-ZW2), have been synthesized, characterized and tested for their anticancer potential. We showed that triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes RuZ1-RuZ3 impaired the cell viability of ovarian adenocarcinoma cisplatin-resistant SK-OV-3/DDP (SKO3CR) and SK-OV-3 (SKO3) cancer cells with greater selectivity and specificity than cisplatin. In addition, RuZ1-RuZ3 show higher excellent cytotoxicity than cisplatin towards SKO3CR cells, with IC50 values of 9.66 ± 1.08, 4.05 ± 0.67 and 7.18 ± 0.40 μM, respectively, in which the SKO3CR cells was the most sensitive to RuZ1-RuZ3. Depending on the substituent type, the antiproliferative ability of RuZ1-RuZ3 followed the trend: -CH3 > -H. However, RuZ1-RuZ3 have no obvious toxicity to normal cell HL-7702. Besides, RuZ1 and RuZ2 could induce mitophagy related-apoptosis pathways through suppression of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), accumulation of [Ca2+] and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and regulation of LC3 II/LC3 I, Beclin-1, P62, FUNDC1, PINK1, Parkin, cleaved-caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome c signaling pathway, and hindering the preparation of mitochondrial respiration complexes I and IV and ATP levels. Mechanistic study revealed that RuZ1 and RuZ2 induce apoptosis in SKO3CR cells via mitophagy related-apoptosis pathways induction and energy (ATP) generation disturbance. Taken together, the studied triphenylphosphine ruthenium complexes RuZ1-RuZ3 are promising chemotherapeutic agents with high effectiveness and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiong Huang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Run-Chun Wu
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Yu Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China.
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, PR China.
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8
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Lanquist AP, Piechota EJ, Wickramasinghe LD, Marques Silva A, Thummel RP, Turro C. New Tridentate Ligand Affords a Long-Lived 3MLCT Excited State in a Ru(II) Complex: DNA Photocleavage and 1O 2 Production. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15927-15935. [PMID: 37733276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new complexes, [Ru(tpy)(qdppz)](PF6)2 (1; qdppz = 2-(quinolin-8-yl)dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) and [Ru(qdppz)2](PF6)2 (2), were investigated for their potential use as phototherapeutic agents through their ability to photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen, 1O2, upon irradiation with visible light. The complexes exhibit strong Ru(dπ) → qdppz(π*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption with maxima at 485 and 495 nm for 1 and 2 in acetone, respectively, red-shifted from the Ru(dπ) → tpy(π*) absorption at 470 nm observed for [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (3) in the same solvent. Complexes 1 and 3 are not luminescent at room temperature, but 3MLCT emission is observed for 2 with maximum at 690 nm (λexc = 480 nm) in acetone. The lifetimes of the 3MLCT states of 1 and 2 were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy to be ∼9 and 310 ns in methanol, respectively, at room temperature (λexc = 490 nm). The bite angle of the qdppz ligand is closer to octahedral geometry than that of tpy, resulting in the longer lifetime of 2 as compared to those of 1 and 3. Arrhenius treatment of the temperature dependence of the luminescence results in similar activation energies, Ea, from the 3MLCT to the 3LF (ligand-field) state for the two complexes, 2520 cm-1 in 1 and 2400 cm-1 in 2. However, the pre-exponential factors differ by approximately two orders of magnitude, 2.3 × 1013 s-1 for 1 and 1.4 × 1011 s-1 for 2, which, together with differences in the Huang-Rhys factors, lead to markedly different 3MLCT lifetimes. Although both 1 and 2 intercalate between the DNA bases, only 2 is able to photocleave DNA owing to its 1O2 production upon irradiation with ΦΔ = 0.69. The present work highlights the profound effect of the ligand bite angle on the electronic structure, providing guidelines for extending the lifetime of 3MLCT Ru(II) complexes with tridentate ligands, a desired property for a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Alexia Marques Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Curley R, Burke CS, Gkika KS, Noorani S, Walsh N, Keyes TE. Phototoxicity of Tridentate Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complex with Expanded Bite Angles toward Mammalian Cells and Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13089-13102. [PMID: 37535942 PMCID: PMC10428208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Tridentate ligand-coordinated ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes with large N-Ru-N bite angles have been shown to promote ligand field splitting and reduce singlet-triplet state mixing leading to dramatically extended emission quantum yields and lifetimes under ambient conditions. These effects are anticipated to enhance their photoinduced singlet oxygen production, promoting prospects for such complexes as type II phototherapeutics. In this contribution, we examined this putative effect for [Ru(bqp)(bqpCOOEt)]2+, Ru-bqp-ester, a heteroleptic complex containing bqp = [2,6-bi(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine], a well-established large bite angle tridentate ligand, as well as its peptide conjugates [Ru(bqp)(bqpCONH-ahx-FrFKFrFK(Ac)-CONH2)]5+ (Ru-bqp-MPP) and [Ru(bqp) (bqp)(CONH-ahx-RRRRRRRR-CONH2)]10+ (Ru-bqp-R8) that were prepared in an effort to promote live cell/tissue permeability and targeting of the parent. Membrane permeability of both parent and peptide conjugates were compared across 2D cell monolayers; A549, Chinese hamster ovary, human pancreatic cancer (HPAC), and 3D HPAC multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) using confocal microscopy. Both the parent complex and peptide conjugates showed exceptional permeability with rapid uptake in both 2D and 3D cell models but with little distinction in permeability or distribution in cells between the parent or peptide conjugates. Unexpectedly, the uptake was temperature independent and so attributed to passive permeation. Both dark and photo-toxicity of the Ru(II) complexes were assessed across cell types, and the parent showed notably low dark toxicity. In contrast, the parent and conjugates were found to be highly phototoxic, with impressive phototoxic indices (PIs) toward HPAC cell monolayers in particular, with PI values ranging from ∼580 to 760. Overall, our data indicate that the Ru(II) parent complex and its peptide conjugates show promise at both cell monolayers and 3D MCTS as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianne
C. Curley
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Christopher S. Burke
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Karmel S. Gkika
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Sara Noorani
- National
Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Naomi Walsh
- National
Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
| | - Tia E. Keyes
- School
of Chemical Sciences and National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin 9 D09 NA55, Ireland
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10
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Lima E, Reis LV. Photodynamic Therapy: From the Basics to the Current Progress of N-Heterocyclic-Bearing Dyes as Effective Photosensitizers. Molecules 2023; 28:5092. [PMID: 37446758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, an alternative that has gained weight and popularity compared to current conventional therapies in the treatment of cancer, is a minimally invasive therapeutic strategy that generally results from the simultaneous action of three factors: a molecule with high sensitivity to light, the photosensitizer, molecular oxygen in the triplet state, and light energy. There is much to be said about each of these three elements; however, the efficacy of the photosensitizer is the most determining factor for the success of this therapeutic modality. Porphyrins, chlorins, phthalocyanines, boron-dipyrromethenes, and cyanines are some of the N-heterocycle-bearing dyes' classes with high biological promise. In this review, a concise approach is taken to these and other families of potential photosensitizers and the molecular modifications that have recently appeared in the literature within the scope of their photodynamic application, as well as how these compounds and their formulations may eventually overcome the deficiencies of the molecules currently clinically used and revolutionize the therapies to eradicate or delay the growth of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eurico Lima
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lucinda V Reis
- CQ-VR-Chemistry Centre of Vila Real, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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11
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Ponte F, Scoditti S, Barretta P, Mazzone G. Computational Assessment of a Dual-Action Ru(II)-Based Complex: Photosensitizer in Photodynamic Therapy and Intercalating Agent for Inducing DNA Damage. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37248070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A combined quantum-mechanical and classical molecular dynamics study of a recent Ru(II) complex with potential dual anticancer action is reported here. The main basis for the multiple action relies on the merocyanine ligand, whose electronic structure allows the drug to be able to absorb within the therapeutic window and in turn efficiently generate 1O2 for photodynamic therapy application and to intercalate within two nucleobases couples establishing reversible electrostatic interactions with DNA. TDDFT outcomes, which include the absorption spectrum, triplet states energy, and spin-orbit matrix elements, evidence that the photosensitizing activity is ensured by an MLCT state at around 660 nm, involving the merocyanine-based ligand, and by an efficient ISC from such state to triplet states with different characters. On the other hand, the MD exploration of all the possible intercalation sites within the dodecamer B-DNA evidences the ability of the complex to establish several electrostatic interactions with the nucleobases, thus potentially inducing DNA damage, though the simulation of the absorption spectra for models extracted by each MD trajectory shows that the photosensitizing properties of the complex remain unaltered. The computational results support that the anti-tumor effect may be related to multiple mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Pierraffaele Barretta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
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12
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Wang Y, Wang S, Wang Q, Tang W, Lin L, Zhang T, Hu M, Wang X. Identification of a luminescent platinum(II) complex with BODIPY derivative as novel photodynamic therapy agent for triple negative breast cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 242:112160. [PMID: 36791603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most malignant breast tumors for its poor prognosis and high tumor recurrence. It is urgent to develop new strategy or effective agents to overcome resistance and improve therapeutic effectiveness. Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based photosensitizers possess exciting photophysical features suitable for theranostic applications, namely, photodynamic therapy (PDT). We have designed a luminescent monofunctional platinum(II) complex with BODIPY derivative, namely I2BC-Pt, as novel high PDT agent against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The di-iodinated BODIPY complex I2BC-Pt showed excellent PDT effect against TNBC cells in green light (520 nm) giving IC50 values of 0.11-0.13 μM in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. I2BC-Pt predominately aggregated in the mitochondria of MDA-MB-231 cells and emitted green fluorescence. Besides, the anticancer mechanism studies demonstrated that I2BC-Pt could help DNA repair through attenuating RAD51, FoxM1 and BRCA1/2, and induce p53-mediated apoptosis of TNBC cells. Taken together, I2BC-Pt could be potentially developed as a BODIPY-based photosensitizers for TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Shuping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Wanyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Li Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China
| | - Meichun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Related Diseases and One Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine of South Hubei Province, Xianning 437100, PR China.
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13
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Cheng HB, Cao X, Zhang S, Zhang K, Cheng Y, Wang J, Zhao J, Zhou L, Liang XJ, Yoon J. BODIPY as a Multifunctional Theranostic Reagent in Biomedicine: Self-Assembly, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207546. [PMID: 36398522 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) in biomedicine is reviewed. To open, its synthesis and regulatory strategies are summarized, and inspiring cutting-edge work in post-functionalization strategies is highlighted. A brief overview of assembly model of BODIPY is then provided: BODIPY is introduced as a promising building block for the formation of single- and multicomponent self-assembled systems, including nanostructures suitable for aqueous environments, thereby showing the great development potential of supramolecular assembly in biomedicine applications. The frontier progress of BODIPY in biomedical application is thereafter described, supported by examples of the frontiers of biomedical applications of BODIPY-containing smart materials: it mainly involves the application of materials based on BODIPY building blocks and their assemblies in fluorescence bioimaging, photoacoustic imaging, disease treatment including photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy. Lastly, not only the current status of the BODIPY family in the biomedical field but also the challenges worth considering are summarized. At the same time, insights into the future development prospects of biomedically applicable BODIPY are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Keyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Science, School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
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14
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Wei S, Liang H, Dao A, Xie Y, Cao F, Ren Q, Yadav AK, Kushwaha R, Mandal AA, Banerjee S, Zhang P, Ji S, Huang H. Perturbing tumor cell metabolism with a Ru(II) photo-redox catalyst to reverse the multidrug resistance of lung cancer. Sci China Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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15
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Wei L, Kushwaha R, Dao A, Fan Z, Banerjee S, Huang H. Axisymmetric bis-tridentate Ir(III) photoredox catalysts for anticancer phototherapy under hypoxia. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3083-3086. [PMID: 36807352 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06721h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel axisymmetric bis-tridentate Ir(III) photocatalyst (Ir3) with synergetic type I/II photosensitization and photocatalytic activity was reported. Ir3 exhibited high photocytotoxicity toward drug-resistant cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. The photoactivated anticancer mechanism of Ir3 were investigated in detail. Overall, this new photo-redox catalyst can overcome hypoxia and drug resistance-related problems in clinical anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wei
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP-221005, India
| | - Anyi Dao
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongxian Fan
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China. .,Shenshan Medical Center, Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, China
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, UP-221005, India
| | - Huaiyi Huang
- School of pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China.
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16
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Mao Z, Kim JH, Lee J, Xiong H, Zhang F, Kim JS. Engineering of BODIPY-based theranostics for cancer therapy. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Shah S, Naithani N, Sahoo SC, Neelakandan PP, Tyagi N. Multifunctional BODIPY embedded non-woven fabric for CO release and singlet oxygen generation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112631. [PMID: 36630766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Materials that can simultaneously release CO and generate singlet oxygen upon visible light irradiation under ambient conditions are highly desirable for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, materials that can sequester the undesirable side products into the matrix without affecting the release of CO and singlet oxygen generation would allow them to be used for practical applications. Focussing on these aspects, we prepared two dipicolylamine appended BODIPY‑manganese(I) tricarbonyl complexes wherein the metal core was systematically tethered at 5- and 8- positions of the BODIPY core. The complexes were embedded into a polymer matrix via electrospinning and the resulting non-woven fabrics showed CO release as well as singlet oxygen generation upon irradiation. While the hybrid materials were non-toxic in dark, they were strongly photocytotoxic to c6 cancer cells when exposed to light. Rapid CO release alongside significant singlet oxygen generation, indefinite dark stability, good biocompatibility and negligible dark toxicity makes these fabrics a potent candidate for phototherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Shah
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Naithani
- Semi-Conductor Laboratory, Department of Space, Sector 72, Mohali 160071, Punjab, India
| | - Subash Chandra Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Sector 14, Chandigarh 160014, Punjab, India
| | - Prakash P Neelakandan
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
| | - Nidhi Tyagi
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali 140306, Punjab, India.
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18
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A New Unnatural Amino Acid Derived from the Modification of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine and Its Mixed-Ligand Complexes with Ruthenium: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry5010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The modification of the methyl group of 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine produced the novel unnatural amino acid 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid (phet). Mononuclear heteroleptic ruthenium complexes of the general formulae [Ru(L1)(L2)](PF6)2 (L1 = 2-acetylamino-2-(4-[2,2′:6′,2″]terpyridine-4′-yl-benzyl)-malonic acid diethyl ester, (phem), 3-(4-([2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin]-4′-yl)phenyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, (phet), and L2 = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (tpy), 4′-phenyl-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (ptpy), 4′-(p-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (mptpy)), as well as the homoleptic [Ru(phem)2](PF6)2 and [Ru(phet)2](PF6)2, were synthesized and characterized by means of NMR spectroscopic techniques, elemental analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties of the synthesized complexes were also studied.
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19
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Wang F, Yao Q. Oxygen sensing performance improvement by the combination of narrowed electrospinning fibers and multi-cored phosphorescent photosensitizer: strategy and performance comparison. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Combination of light and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes: Recent advances in the development of new anticancer drugs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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How Computations Can Assist the Rational Design of Drugs for Photodynamic Therapy: Photosensitizing Activity Assessment of a Ru(II)-BODIPY Assembly. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175635. [PMID: 36080406 PMCID: PMC9457801 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-based complexes represent a new frontier in light-mediated therapeutic strategies against cancer. Here, a density functional-theory-based computational investigation, of the photophysical properties of a conjugate BODIPY-Ru(II) complex, is presented. Such a complex was reported to be a good photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT), successfully integrating the qualities of a NIR-absorbing distyryl-BODIPY dye and a PDT-active [Ru(bpy)3]2+ moiety. Therefore, the behaviour of the conjugate BODIPY-Ru(II) complex was compared with those of the metal-free BODIPY chromophore and the Ru(II) complex. Absorptions spectra, excitation energies of both singlet and triplet states as well as spin–orbit-matrix elements (SOCs) were used to rationalise the experimentally observed different activities of the three potential chromophores. The outcomes evidence a limited participation of the Ru moiety in the ISC processes that justifies the small SOCs obtained for the conjugate. A plausible explanation was provided combining the computational results with the experimental evidences.
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22
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Tuning the reactivity of ruthenium(II) terpyridyl complexes using auxiliary ligands: kinetic and mechanistic studies. REACTION KINETICS MECHANISMS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11144-022-02272-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Paul S, Pathak S, Sahoo S, Maji RC, Bhattacharyya U, Nandi D, Chakravarty AR. Bichromophoric ruthenium(II) bis-terpyridine-BODIPY based photosensitizers for cellular imaging and photodynamic therapy. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10392-10405. [PMID: 35758169 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two multichromophoric homoleptic ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(tpy-BODIPY)2]Cl2 (complexes 1 and 2, tpy = 4-phenyl-2,2:6,2-terpyridine, BODIPY = boron-dipyrromethene) were prepared, characterized and their phototherapeutic activity and bioimaging properties were studied. The complexes having structural similarity differ only by a phenylethynyl linker, and its overall influence on their physicochemical and photobiological behavior was evaluated. The terpyridine-BODIPY ligand L1 was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The complexes showed intense absorption near 500 nm (ε: ∼1.5 × 105 M-1 cm-1 in DMSO), have a high singlet oxygen quantum yield (ΦΔ: ∼0.6 in DMSO), and displayed low photobleaching thus making them suitable for PDT applications. The complexes showed high DNA binding affinity and induced DNA damage on light activation via multiple types of ROS production. Confocal laser scanning microscopy experiments revealed their incorporation in the cancer cells and complex 1 predominantly accumulated in lysosomes. The complexes displayed a significant PDT effect in cancerous cells with visible light activation with a high photocytotoxicity index (PI) value in HeLa cells. Both type-I and type-II photosensitization processes were involved in the PDT effect. The photodynamic action of complex 2 initiated cellular apoptosis. Finally, their diagnostic potential was evaluated against clinically relevant 3D multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Paul
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Sanmoy Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Somarupa Sahoo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Ram Chandra Maji
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Utso Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Dipankar Nandi
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Akhil R Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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24
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Yu X, Gao F, Zhao W, Lai H, Wei L, Yang C, Wu W. BODIPY-conjugated bis-terpyridine Ru(II) complexes showing ultra-long luminescence lifetimes and applications to triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9314-9322. [PMID: 35670531 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01373h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The poor excited-state properties of bis-terpyridine Ru(II) complexes have significantly limited the applications of these complexes as sensitizers in photocatalysis and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion. In the present work, two novel ruthenium bis-terpyridine complexes (Ru-1 and Ru-2) conjugated with visible-light-harvesting bodipy chromophores were synthesized. These complexes showed strong absorption of visible light, the bodipy-localized intraligand triplet state (3IL) was efficiently populated, and the phosphorescence of bodipy at room temperature in both complexes was observed. The luminescence lifetimes of these complexes were significantly prolonged, with that of the heteroleptic complex Ru-2 prolonged to 37.9 μs and that of the homoleptic bis-terpyridine complex Ru-1 unprecedentedly prolonged to 356 μs, which was hundreds of times longer than the current longest emissive state achieved in ruthenium terpyridine complexes. The ultra-long triplet lifetimes and strong visible-light absorbing ability made them new candidates of triplet sensitizers, and were first applied to TTA-UC for terpyridine Ru(II) complexes with a Ru-1/Py system showing a ΦUC of 2.93% in dilute solutions at concentrations as low as 1.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingke Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fanrui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Weiyi Zhao
- Sichuan University-Pittsburgh Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Hongxia Lai
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Lingling Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Wanhua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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25
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Margaret McCutcheon M, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Bonding in Nitrile Photo-dissociating Ruthenium Drug Candidates --A Local Vibrational Mode Study. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:014301. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we investigated bonding features 15 ruthenium complexes of the type [Ru(tpy)(L)-(CH3CN)]n+, containing the tridentate tpy ligand (tpy = 2,2':6',2'--terpyridine) and various bidentate ancillary ligands, 12 compounds originally synthesized by Loftus et al. (J. Phys. Chem. C 123, 10291-10299 (2019)) complemented with three additional complexes. The main focus of our work was to relate these local features to the experimental data of Loftus et al. which assess the efficiency of nitrile release in an indirect way via observed quantum yields for ruthenium water association after nitrile release. As a tool to quantitatively assess Ru-NC and Ru-L bonding we utilized the local vibrational mode analysis complemented by the topological analysis of the electron density and the natural bond orbital analysis. Interestingly, the stronger Ru-NC bonds have the greater observed quantum yields, leading to the conclusion that the observed quantum yields are a result of a complex interplay of several processes excluding a direct relationship between QY and Ru-NC or Ru-L bond strengths. We identified the ST splitting as one of the key players and not the Ru-NC bond strength, as one may have thought. In summary, this work has presented a modern computational tool set for the investigation of bonding features applied to nitrile photo-dissociating ruthenium drug candidates forming a valuable basis for future design and fine tuning of nitrile releasing ruthenium compounds, as well as for the understanding of how local properties affect overall experimental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elfi Kraka
- Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, United States of America
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26
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Gu S, Yang X, jiang Q, Luo Y, Wang D, Shi P. Insights into the crystal structure and optical property for complexes of iminodiacetic‐terpyridine. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunxin Gu
- Jiangsu Ocean University School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xinda Yang
- Tongji University School of Chemical Science and Engineering CHINA
| | - qin jiang
- Jiangsu Ocean University School of Enviromental and Chemical Engineering 59 Cangwu Road 222005 Lianyungang CHINA
| | - Yuhui Luo
- Jiangsu Ocean University School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Daqi Wang
- Liaocheng University School of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Jiangsu Ocean University School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering CHINA
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