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Kidd SR, Zhou W, Warren JJ, Leznoff DB. Inducing ring distortions in unsubstituted metallophthalocyanines using axial N-heterocyclic carbenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6537-6546. [PMID: 38498318 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00528g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A series of metallophthalocyanine (PcM) complexes with axial N-heterocyclic carbene ligands (NHC; 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-ylidene (DIP) and 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazol-2-ylidene (DMB)) were prepared and structurally characterized. PcCoII(DIP), PcZnII(DIP), and PcZnII(DMB) are five-coordinate complexes with mild dome-type Pc-ring distortions, while PcFeII(DIP)2 is six-coordinate and has a very large ruffle-type ring-distortion with respect to typical PcM(L)2 systems. The distortion is induced by the highly steric axial DIP ligands. The distortions were quantified and classified by their bond lengths and torsion angles, and according to the normal-coordinate structural decomposition (NSD) analysis. Upon ligation of the NHC, the insoluble PcM materials were solublized in common organic solvents, with typical UV-visible Q-band maxima observable between 658 and 677 nm; the increased solubility is rationalized in terms of the reduced solid-state aggregation of the complexes, attributable to the axial ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Kidd
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Chemistry, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Wen Zhou
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Chemistry, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey J Warren
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Chemistry, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Daniel B Leznoff
- Simon Fraser University, Department of Chemistry, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
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2
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Ziegler CJ, Nemykin VN. The fascinating story of axial ligand dependent spectroscopy and redox-properties in iron(II) phthalocyanines. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15647-15655. [PMID: 37721022 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02565a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Iron phthalocyanines play crucial fundamental and applied roles ranging from bulk colorants to components of advanced materials. In this Frontier article, we discuss four aspects concerning the influence of the axial ligands on spectroscopic and redox properties of iron(II) phthalocyanines: (i) iron versus macrocycle oxidation cite as a function of Lever's EL parameter; (ii) energy of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transitions as a function of Lever's EL parameter; (iii) iron versus macrocycle reduction in iron(II) phthalocyanines; (iv) Mössbauer quadrupole splitting as a function of axial ligand binding through the prism of dz2 orbital population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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3
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Schrage BR, Zhou W, Harrison LA, Nevonen DE, Thompson JR, Prosser KE, Walsby CJ, Ziegler CJ, Leznoff DB, Nemykin VN. Resolving a Half-Century-Long Controversy between (Magneto)optical and EPR Spectra of Single-Electron-Reduced [PcFe] −, [PcFeL] −, and [PcFeX] 2– Complexes: Story of a Double Flip. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20177-20199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laurel A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kathleen E. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charles J. Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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4
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Shin JW, Ullah I, Tokunaga R, Hayami S, Min KS. Air oxidation-induced single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation of mixed-valence tetranuclear Fe(II)-Fe(III) complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14429-14433. [PMID: 36134441 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02551e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mixed valence tetranuclear iron complex [(Hpmide)FeII(NCSe)2FeIII(pmide)]2·5CH3OH (1) underwent oxidation and ligand exchange in the solid state (H2pmide = N-(2-pyridylmethyl)iminodiethanol). Upon air oxidation, 1 was converted into [(pmide)FeIII(NCSe)FeIII(pmide)]2(NCSe)2·2H2O (2), which was accompanied by deprotonation and ligand exchange through a single crystal-to-single-crystal transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Won Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryuya Tokunaga
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Shinya Hayami
- Department of Chemistry, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kil Sik Min
- Department of Chemistry Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Zámbó GG, Mayr J, Sauer MJ, Schlachta TP, Reich RM, Kühn FE. The first macrocyclic abnormally coordinating tetra-1,2,3-triazole-5-ylidene iron complex: a promising candidate for olefin epoxidation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13591-13595. [PMID: 36039702 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02561b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first macrocyclic and abnormally coordinating, mesoionic N-heterocyclic carbene iron complex has been synthesised and characterised via ESI-MS, EA, SC-XRD, CV, NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. 13C-NMR spectroscopy and CV measurements indicate a strong σ-donor ability of the carbene moieties, suggesting an efficient catalytic activity of the iron complex in oxidation reactions. Initial tests in the epoxidation of cis-cyclooctene as a model substrate confirm this assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta G Zámbó
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Johannes Mayr
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Michael J Sauer
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Tim P Schlachta
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Robert M Reich
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Molecular Catalysis, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Centre, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85784 Garching bei München, Germany.
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Nevonen DE, Ferch LS, Schrage BR, Nemykin VN. Charge-Transfer Spectroscopy of Bisaxially Coordinated Iron(II) Phthalocyanines through the Prism of the Lever's EL Parameters Scale, MCD Spectroscopy, and TDDFT Calculations. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:8250-8266. [PMID: 35549169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The position of the experimentally observed (in the UV-vis and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra) low-energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) band in low-spin iron(II) phthalocyanine complexes of general formula PcFeL2, PcFeL'L″, and [PcFeX2]2- (L, L', or L″ are neutral and X- is an anionic axial ligand) was correlated with the Lever's electrochemical EL scale values for the axial ligands. The time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-predicted UV-vis spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental data for all complexes. In the majority of compounds, TDDFT predicts that the first degenerate MLCT band that correlates with the MCD A-term observed between 360 and 480 nm is dominated by an eg (Fe, dπ) → b1u (Pc, π*) single-electron excitation (in traditional D4h point group notation) and agrees well with the previous assignment discussed by Stillman and co-workers[ Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 573-583]. The TDDFT calculations also suggest a small energy gap for b1u/b2u (Pc, π*) orbital splitting and closeness of the MLCT1 eg (Fe, dπ) → b1u (Pc, π*) and MLCT2 eg (Fe, dπ) → b2u (Pc, π*) transitions. In the case of the PcFeL2 complexes with phosphines as the axial ligands, additional degenerate charge-transfer transitions were observed between 450 and 500 nm. These transitions are dominated by a2u (Pc + L, π) → eg (Pc, π*) single-electron excitations and are unique for the PcFe(PR3)2 complexes. The energy of the phthalocyanine-based a2u orbital has large axial ligand dependency and is the reason for a large energy deviation for B1 a2u (Pc + L, π) → eg (Pc, π*) transition. The energies of the axial ligand-to-iron, axial ligand-to-phthalocyanine, iron-to-axial ligand, and phthalocyanine-to-axial ligand charge-transfer transitions were discussed on the basis of TDDFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laura S Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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