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Franz J, Oelschlegel M, Zobel JP, Hua SA, Borter JH, Schmid L, Morselli G, Wenger OS, Schwarzer D, Meyer F, González L. Bifurcation of Excited-State Population Leads to Anti-Kasha Luminescence in a Disulfide-Decorated Organometallic Rhenium Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38598687 PMCID: PMC11046484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a rhenium diimine photosensitizer equipped with a peripheral disulfide unit on one of the bipyridine ligands, [Re(CO)3(bpy)(S-Sbpy4,4)]+ (1+, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, S-Sbpy4,4 = [1,2]dithiino[3,4-c:6,5-c']dipyridine), showing anti-Kasha luminescence. Steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopies complemented by nonadiabatic dynamics simulations are used to disclose its excited-state dynamics. The calculations show that after intersystem crossing the complex evolves to two different triplet minima: a (S-Sbpy4,4)-ligand-centered excited state (3LC) lying at lower energy and a metal-to-(bpy)-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) state at higher energy, with relative yields of 90% and 10%, respectively. The 3LC state involves local excitation of the disulfide group into the antibonding σ* orbital, leading to significant elongation of the S-S bond. Intriguingly, it is the higher-lying 3MLCT state, which is assigned to display luminescence with a lifetime of 270 ns: a signature of anti-Kasha behavior. This assignment is consistent with an energy barrier ≥ 0.6 eV or negligible electronic coupling, preventing reaction toward the 3LC state after the population is trapped in the 3MLCT state. This study represents a striking example on how elusive excited-state dynamics of transition-metal photosensitizers can be deciphered by synergistic experiments and state-of-the-art calculations. Disulfide functionalization lays the foundation of a new design strategy toward harnessing excess energy in a system for possible bimolecular electron or energy transfer reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Franz
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Oelschlegel
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - J. Patrick Zobel
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shao-An Hua
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Borter
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Morselli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St.-Johanns-Ring 19, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max-Planck-Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Faßberg 11, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute
of Theoretical Chemistry, University of
Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Research
Platform for Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kumar P, Pérez-Escribano M, van Raamsdonk DME, Escudero D. Phosphorescent Properties of Heteroleptic Ir(III) Complexes: Uncovering Their Emissive Species. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7241-7255. [PMID: 37597243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, we assess the computational machinery to calculate the phosphorescence properties of a large pool of heteroleptic [Ir(C^N)2(N^N)]+ complexes (where N^N is an ancillary ligand and C^N is a cyclometalating ligand) including their phosphorescent rates and their emission spectra. Efficient computational protocols are next proposed. Specifically, different flavors of DFT functionals were benchmarked against DLPNO-CCSD(T) for the phosphorescence energies. The transition density matrix and decomposition analysis of the emitting triplet excited state enable us to categorize the studied complexes into different cases, from predominant triplet ligand-centered (3LC) character to predominant charge-transfer (3CT) character, either of metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT), ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (3LLCT), or a combination of the two. We have also calculated the vibronically resolved phosphorescent spectra and rates. Ir(III) complexes with predominant 3CT character are characterized by less vibronically resolved bands as compared to those with predominant 3LC character. Furthermore, some of the complexes are characterized by close-lying triplet excited states so that the calculation of their phosphorescence properties poses additional challenges. In these scenarios, it is necessary to perform geometry optimizations of higher-lying triplet excited states (i.e., Tn). We demonstrate that in the latter scenarios all of the close-lying triplet species must be considered to recover the shape of the experimental emission spectra. The global analysis of computed emission energies, shape of the computed emission spectra, computed rates, etc. enable us to unambiguously pinpoint for the first time the triplet states involved in the emission process and to provide a general classification of Ir(III) complexes with regard to their phosphorescence properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Daniel Escudero
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Kong X, Shen Y, Bian H, Zhang Y. Platinum(II) diimine complexes containing phenylpyridine ligands decorated with anionic closo-monocarborane clusters [CB 11H 12] . Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3249-3253. [PMID: 36852922 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
We report three Pt(II) diimine complexes containing ancillary ligands of phenylpyridine furnished with anionic closo-monocarborane clusters [CB11H12]-. Three neutral complexes exhibit intensive phosphorescence in the solid state and complex 1 was used to detect acetonitrile vapor in a quartz plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Hedong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Analytical Chemistry, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi 530006, China.
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Luo Y, Cheng Y, Zhang D, Mei X, Tang D, Hu J, Luo T. Controlling the Triplet Potential Energy Surface of Bimetallic Platinum(II) Complex by Constructing Structure-Property Relationship: A Theoretical Exploration. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2440-2455. [PMID: 36701493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
For phosphorescent materials, managing the triplet potential energy surface stands for controlling the phosphorescence quantum yield. However, due to the complexity and variability, the triplet potential energy surface can be managed with difficulty. In this work, a series of bimetallic Pt(II) complexes, namely Pt-1, Pt-1-1, Pt-1-2, Pt-2, Pt-3-5, and Pt-6-7, are employed as models to construct a relationship between the structures and triplet potential energy surfaces, aiming to achieve meaningful information to manage the triplet potential energy surface. On the basis of the results, it is observed that the triplet potential energy surface has an intimate connection with the structures of bimetallic Pt(II) complexes. In the case of the primordial Pt(II) complex, the triplet potential energy surface consists of two minimal points, illustrating various properties, which can largely affect the phosphorescence quantum yield. Once the intramolecular steric hindrance, restriction effect, and metallophilic interaction (Pt-Pd/Pd-Pd) are employed by tailoring the structures of primordial Pt(II) complexes, the triplet potential energy surface can be reconstructed via one minimal point-charactered short metal-metal distance, resulting in different photophysical properties. The relationship between the triplet potential energy surface and structure is essentially unveiled from the structural and electronic viewpoints. The conclusions originated from the structural and electronic investigations can be regarded as indicators to accurately and expediently predict the triplet potential energy surfaces of bimetallic Pt(II) complexes. The results presented here are helpful in addressing the designed strategies as they show that the triplet potential energy surfaces of bimetallic Pt(II) complexes can be properly tuned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Luo
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Derong Zhang
- School of Marxism, Chengdu Vocational & Technical College of Industry, Chengdu 610081, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Dianyong Tang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Kinase Modulators as Innovative Medicine, Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy (International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation), Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
| | - Ting Luo
- Breast Disease Center, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Chen X, Sukhanov AA, Taddei M, Dick B, Zhao J, Voronkova VK, Di Donato M. Charge Separation/Recombination, Intersystem Crossing, and Unusually Slow Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer in Naphthalenediimide-Anthracene Compact Energy Donor-Acceptor Dyads. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:8740-8748. [PMID: 36098552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three anthracene (An)-naphthalenediimide (NDI) compact electron donor-acceptor dyads were prepared. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra show fast charge separation (ca. 0.9-1.7 ps) and relatively slow charge recombination (ca. 8-565 ps) upon photoexcitation; moreover, the 3An state was observed for 9-An-NDI, whereas the final state is 3NDI for both 9-An-Ph-NDI and 2-An-Ph-NDI, which have an intervening phenyl linker between the An and NDI units. Nanosecond transient absorption (ns-TA) spectra indicate that the lowest triplet state of all the dyads is 3An, with triplet lifetimes of 139-354 μs. An unusually slow intramolecular triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTET) was observed for 9-An-Ph-NDI and 2-An-Ph-NDI (32-85 ns). Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (TREPR) spectroscopy confirms that the intersystem crossing (ISC) mechanism is spin orbit charge transfer ISC (SOCT-ISC) for all the dyads; for 9-An-NDI, only the 3An state was observed, while for the other two dyads, both 3NDI and 3An states were observed, with their relative population changing with increasing delay time, which supports TTET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Andrey A Sukhanov
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Maria Taddei
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, P. R. China
| | - Violeta K Voronkova
- Zavoisky Physical-Technical Institute, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Kazan 420029, Russia
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- LENS (European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy), Via N. Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10-12, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Veys K, Escudero D. Anti-Kasha Fluorescence in Molecular Entities: Central Role of Electron-Vibrational Coupling. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:2698-2707. [PMID: 36048561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
According to Kasha's rule, the emission of a photon in a molecular system always comes from the lowest excited state. A corollary of this rule (i.e., the Kasha-Vavilov rule) states that the emission spectra are independent of the excitation wavelength. Although these rules apply for most of the molecular systems, violations of these rules are often reported. The prototypical case of a Kasha's rule violation is the fluorescence observed from S2 in azulene. Thanks to the advances in both theoretical and experimental research, other types of anomalous fluorescence (e.g., excitation energy transfer (EET)-based dual emissions, thermally activated fluorescence, etc.) are more recurrently reported in the literature. Sometimes, these anomalous processes involve higher-lying excited states but are mechanistically different from the azulene-like anomalous fluorescence. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these anomalous emissions can be numerous and are not yet well understood.In order to shed some light on the above phenomena, this Account provides a comprehensive review of this topic. We herein report quantum chemical investigations in target molecular systems breaking Kasha's rule. The latter molecules were chosen because they were unambiguously reported to display anti-Kasha fluorescence. Our studies highlight three different types of anti-Kasha scenarios. Specifically, (i) the strong electronic, weak vibrational nonadiabatic coupling (NAC) regime (here named the type I case, i.e., azulene-like); (ii) the strong electronic, strong vibrational NAC regime (type II case, i.e., thermally activated S2 fluorescence); and the (iii) very weak electronic NAC regime (type III case, i.e., EET dyads). In addition, by combining state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations with excited-state decay rate theories and appropriate excited-state kinetic models, we provide semiquantitative estimations of photoluminescence quantum yields for the most rigid molecular entities. Finally, we propose the use of simple theoretical descriptors relying on calculations of the excited-state density difference and the electron-vibrational coupling to classify anomalous emissions according to their coupling scenario.Besides the fundamental interest of the above investigations, the herein developed computational protocols and descriptors will be useful for the tailored design of dyes with tunable and unconventional fluorescence properties and their exploitation in a wide range of areas (i.e., from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) to bioimaging, small-molecule fluorescent probes, and photocatalysis). Finally, our theoretical framework enables the attainment of a holistic understanding of the interconversion processes between excited states, where the electron-vibrational coupling is shown to play a central role in determining the efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Veys
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Escudero
- Quantum Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Section, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200f, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Kupfer S, Wächtler M, Guthmuller J. Light‐Driven Multi‐Charge Separation in a Push‐Pull Ruthenium‐based Photosensitizer – Assessed by RASSCF and TDDFT Simulations. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kupfer
- Friedrich Schiller Universitat Jena Chemisch Geowissenschaftliche Fakultat Institute of Physical Chemistry Helmholtzweg 1 07743 Jena GERMANY
| | - Maria Wächtler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology: Leibniz-Institut fur Photonische Technologien Functional Interfaces GERMANY
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Gdansk University of Technology: Politechnika Gdanska Institute of Physics and Computer Science POLAND
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Tang D, Chen Z, Luo Y, Xu Z, Xu J. Theoretical Investigation of Triplet Energy Potential Surfaces for (C^C*) Cyclometalated Platinum(II) Complexes and Corresponding Control Strategies. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triplet energy potential surfaces, for phosphorescent material, play a predominate role in determining the radiative and non-radiative decay processes. It is significant and meaningful for providing the promising strategy to...
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