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Teng Q, Gao R, Bao SS, Zheng LM. Cu 12-cluster-based metal-organic framework as a metastable intermediate in the formation of a layered copper phosphonate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38973675 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00550c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The solvothermal reaction of CuSO4·5H2O and a chiral R-pempH2 ligand (molar ratio 6 : 1) first forms the metastable intermediate [Cu24(OH)20(R-pempH)8(SO4)10(H2O)10.5]·35H2O (1), followed by the formation of the stable phase [Cu2(OH)(R-pempH)(SO4)(H2O)]·H2O (2). Compound 1 displays a novel 3D open-framework structure containing Cu12 cluster nodes and sulfate links, which can be converted to the layered compound 2. We also investigated the photothermal effects of both compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Song-Song Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Li-Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
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2
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Halder A, Bain DC, Pitt TA, Shi Z, Oktawiec J, Lee JH, Tsangari S, Ng M, Fuentes-Rivera JJ, Forse AC, Runčevski T, Muller DA, Musser AJ, Milner PJ. Kinetic Trapping of Photoluminescent Frameworks During High-Concentration Synthesis of Non-Emissive Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:10086-10098. [PMID: 38225948 PMCID: PMC10788154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline materials constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes with potential utility in gas separations, drug delivery, sensing, and catalysis. Small variations in MOF synthesis conditions can lead to a range of accessible frameworks with divergent chemical or photophysical properties. New methods to controllably access phases with tailored properties would broaden the scope of MOFs that can be reliably prepared for specific applications. Herein, we demonstrate that simply increasing the reaction concentration during the solvothermal synthesis of M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Ni; dobdc4- = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) MOFs unexpectedly leads to trapping of a new framework termed CORN-MOF-1 (CORN = Cornell University) instead. In-depth spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational studies support that CORN-MOF-1 has a similar structure to M2(dobdc) but with partially protonated linkers and charge-balancing or coordinated formate groups in the pores. The resultant variation in linker spacings causes CORN-MOF-1 (Mg) to be strongly photoluminescent in the solid state, whereas H4dobdc and Mg2(dobdc) are weakly emissive due to excimer formation. In-depth photophysical studies suggest that CORN-MOF-1 (Mg) is the first MOF based on the H2dobdc2- linker that likely does not emit via an excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) pathway. In addition, CORN-MOF-1 variants can be converted into high-quality samples of the thermodynamic M2(dobdc) phases by heating in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Overall, our findings support that high-concentration synthesis provides a straightforward method to identify new MOFs with properties distinct from known materials and to produce highly porous samples of MOFs, paving the way for the discovery and gram-scale synthesis of framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Halder
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - David C. Bain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Tristan A. Pitt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Zixiao Shi
- Department of Applied Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, United States
| | - Jung-Hoon Lee
- Computational Science Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Stavrini Tsangari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Marcus Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - José J. Fuentes-Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Alexander C. Forse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tomče Runčevski
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, 75275, United States
| | - David A. Muller
- Department of Applied Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
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Azbell TJ, Pitt TA, Jerozal RT, Mandel RM, Milner PJ. Simplifying the Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACCOUNTS OF MATERIALS RESEARCH 2023; 4:867-878. [PMID: 38226178 PMCID: PMC10788152 DOI: 10.1021/accountsmr.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous, crystalline materials constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes that have attracted widespread interest due to their permanent porosity and highly modular structures. However, the large volumes of organic solvents and additives, long reaction times, and specialized equipment typically required to synthesize MOFs hinder their widespread adoption in both academia and industry. Recently, our lab has developed several user-friendly methods for the gram-scale (1-100 g) preparation of MOFs. Herein, we summarize our progress in the development of high-concentration solvothermal, mechanochemical, and ionothermal syntheses of MOFs, as well as in minimizing the amount of modulators required to prepare highly crystalline Zr-MOFs. To begin, we detail our work elucidating key features of acid modulation in Zr-MOFs to improve upon current dilute solvothermal syntheses. Choosing an optimal modulator maximizes the crystallinity and porosity of Zr-MOFs while minimizing the quantity of modulator needed, reducing the waste associated with MOF synthesis. By evaluating a range of modulators, we identify the pKa, size, and structural similarity of the modulator to the linker as controlling factors in modulating ability. In the following section, we describe two high-concentration solvothermal methods for the synthesis of Zr-MOFs and demonstrate their generality among a range of frameworks. We also target the M2(dobdc) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd; dobdc4- = 2,5-dioxido-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) family of MOFs for high-concentration synthesis and introduce a two-step preparation of several variants that proceeds through a novel kinetic phase. The high-concentration methods we discuss produce MOFs on multi-gram scale with comparable properties to those prepared under traditional dilute solvothermal conditions. Next, to further curtail solvent waste and accelerate reaction times, we discuss the mechanochemical preparation of M2(dobdc) MOFs utilizing liquid amine additives in a planetary ball mill, which we also apply to the synthesis of two related salicylate frameworks. These samples exhibit comparable porosities to traditional dilute solvothermal samples but can be synthesized in just minutes, as opposed to days, and require under 1 mL of liquid additive to prepare ~0.5 g of material. In the following section, we discuss our efforts to avoid specialized equipment and eliminate solvent use entirely by employing ionothermal conditions to prepare a variety of azolate- and salicylate-based MOFs. Simply combining metal chloride (hydrate) salts with organic linkers at temperatures above the melting points of the salts affords high-quality framework materials. Further, ionothermal conditions enable the syntheses of two new Fe(III) M2(dobdc) derivatives that cannot be synthesized under normal solvothermal conditions. Last, as a demonstrative example, we discuss our efforts to synthesize 100 g of high-quality Mg2(dobdc) in a single batch using a high-concentration (1.0 M) hydrothermal synthesis. Our Account will be of significant interest to researchers aiming to prepare gram-scale quantities of MOFs for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Azbell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Tristan A Pitt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Ronald T Jerozal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Ruth M Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
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Jerozal RT, Pitt TA, MacMillan SN, Milner PJ. High-Concentration Self-Assembly of Zirconium- and Hafnium-Based Metal-Organic Materials. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:13273-13283. [PMID: 37294975 PMCID: PMC10330885 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are crystalline, porous solids constructed from organic linkers and inorganic nodes that are promising for applications in chemical separations, gas storage, and catalysis, among many others. However, a major roadblock to the widespread implementation of MOFs, including highly tunable and hydrolytically stable Zr- and Hf-based frameworks, is their benchtop-scalable synthesis, as MOFs are typically prepared under highly dilute (≤0.01 M) solvothermal conditions. This necessitates the use of liters of organic solvent to prepare only a few grams of MOF. Herein, we demonstrate that Zr- and Hf-based frameworks (eight examples) can self-assemble at much higher reaction concentrations than are typically utilized, up to 1.00 M in many cases. Combining stoichiometric amounts of Zr or Hf precursors with organic linkers at high concentrations yields highly crystalline and porous MOFs, as confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and 77 K N2 surface area measurements. Furthermore, the use of well-defined pivalate-capped cluster precursors avoids the formation of ordered defects and impurities that arise from standard metal chloride salts. These clusters also introduce pivalate defects that increase the exterior hydrophobicity of several MOFs, as confirmed by water contact angle measurements. Overall, our findings challenge the standard assumption that MOFs must be prepared under highly dilute solvothermal conditions for optimal results, paving the way for their scalable and user-friendly synthesis in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald T. Jerozal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Tristan A. Pitt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Samantha N. MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, United States
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Zhang C, Qi Q, Mei Y, Hu J, Sun M, Zhang Y, Huang B, Zhang L, Yang S. Rationally Reconstructed Metal-Organic Frameworks as Robust Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208904. [PMID: 36369974 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing metal-organic framework (MOFs) toward a designed framework structure provides breakthrough opportunities to achieve unprecedented oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalytic performance, but has rarely, if ever, been proposed and investigated yet. Here, the first successful fabrication of a robust OER electrocatalyst by precision reconstruction of an MOF structure is reported, viz., from MOF-74-Fe to MIL-53(Fe)-2OH with different coordination environments at the active sites. Due to the radically reduced eg -t2g crystal-field splitting in Fe-3d and the much suppressed electron-hopping barriers through the synergistic effects of the O species the efficient OER of in MIL-53(Fe)-2OH is guaranteed. Benefiting from this desired electronic structure, the designed MIL-53(Fe)-2OH catalyst exhibits high intrinsic OER activity, including a low overpotential of 215 mV at 10 mA cm-2 , low Tafel slope of 45.4 mV dec-1 and high turnover frequency (TOF) of 1.44 s-1 at 300 mV overpotential, over 80 times that of the commercial IrO2 catalyst (0.0177 s-1 ).Consistent with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the real-time kinetic simulation reveals that the conversion from O* to OOH* is the rate-determining step on the active sites of MIL-53(Fe)-2OH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxu Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Qianglong Qi
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Yunjie Mei
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Jue Hu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Minzi Sun
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Bolong Huang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Libo Zhang
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resources Clean Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
- Key Laboratory of Unconventional Metallurgy, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
| | - Shihe Yang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Nano-Micro Materials Research, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Chen EY, Mandel RM, Milner PJ. Evaluating Solvothermal and Mechanochemical Routes towards the Metal-Organic Framework Mg 2( m-dobdc). CrystEngComm 2022; 24:7292-7297. [PMID: 36776537 PMCID: PMC9910849 DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00739h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks bearing coordinatively unsaturated Mg(II) sites are promising materials for gas storage, chemical separations, and drug delivery due to their low molecular weights and lack of toxicity. However, there remains a limited number of such MOFs reported in the literature. Herein, we investigate the gas sorption properties of the understudied framework Mg2(m-dobdc) (dobdc4- = 4,6-dioxido-1,3-benzenedicarboxylate) synthesized under both solvothermal and mechanochemical conditions. Both materials are found to be permanently porous, as confirmed by 77 K N2 adsorption measurements. In particular, Mg2(m-dobdc) synthesized under mechanochemical conditions using exogenous organic base displays one of the highest capacities reported to date (6.14 mmol/g) for CO2 capture in a porous solid under simulated coal flue gas conditions (150 mbar, 40 °C). As such, mechanochemically synthesized Mg2(m-dobdc) represents a promising new framework for applications requiring high gas adsorption capacities in a porous solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Y. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Ruth M. Mandel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, United States
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