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Müller MP, Hinz A. Silylenes with a Small Chalcogenide Substituent: Tuning Frontier Orbital Energies from O to Te. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405319. [PMID: 38656624 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The general synthesis of heteroleptic acyclic silylenes with a bulky carbazolyl substituent (dtbpCbz) is detailed and a series of compounds with a chalcogenide substituent of the type [(dtbpCbz)SiE16R] (E16R=OtBu, SEt, SePh, TePh) is reported. With the bulky carbazolyl substituent present, the chalcogenide moiety can be very small, as is shown by incorporating groups as small as ethyl, phenyl or tert-butyl. For the first time, the electronic properties of the silylene can be tuned along a complete series of chalcogenide substituents. The effects are clearly visible in the NMR and UV/Vis spectra, and were rationalised by DFT computations. The reactivity of the heaviest chalcogenide-substituted silylenes was probed by reactions with trimethylphosphine selenide and the terphenyl azide TerN3 (Ter=2,6-dimesitylphenyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian P Müller
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe
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Sun X, Jin D, Maier S, Hinz A, Roesky PW. Reactivities of phosphaalkynes towards diverse bis-silylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10220-10225. [PMID: 38828484 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Bis-silylenes do not only act as strong chelating σ-donor ligands, but also exhibit cooperative behaviour in the activation of small molecules. Three different P-Si containing molecules were prepared from the reaction between tBuCP and different bis-silylenes, which are bridged by ferrocenediyl, diaminobenzene, or o-carborane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Sun
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Da Jin
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Maier
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexander Hinz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Akhtar R, Gaurav K, Khan S. Applications of low-valent compounds with heavy group-14 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6150-6243. [PMID: 38757535 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the low-valent compounds of group-14 elements have received significant attention in several fields of chemistry owing to their unique electronic properties. The low-valent group-14 species include tetrylenes, tetryliumylidene, tetrylones, dimetallenes and dimetallynes. These low-valent group-14 species have shown applications in various areas such as organic transformations (hydroboration, cyanosilylation, N-functionalisation of amines, and hydroamination), small molecule activation (e.g. P4, As4, CO2, CO, H2, alkene, and alkyne) and materials. This review presents an in-depth discussion on low-valent group-14 species-catalyzed reactions, including polymerization of rac-lactide, L-lactide, DL-lactide, and caprolactone, followed by their photophysical properties (phosphorescence and fluorescence), thin film deposition (atomic layer deposition and vapor phase deposition), and medicinal applications. This review concisely summarizes current developments of low-valent heavier group-14 compounds, covering synthetic methodologies, structural aspects, and their applications in various fields of chemistry. Finally, their opportunities and challenges are examined and emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruksana Akhtar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Kumar Gaurav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
| | - Shabana Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, India.
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Liu R, Mondal KC, Wang C, Suthar S, Fang Z, Zuo D, Li Y. Synthesis of SiN/SiS-heterocycles via the reactions of a bis-silylene with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1148-1151. [PMID: 38189208 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04950g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Reactions of o-carborane-fused bis-silylene 1 with isocyanate/isothiocyanate molecules furnished a series of SiN/SiS-heterocycles, which show distinct styles of cyclization and were theoretically studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Kartik Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Sonam Suthar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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Wang C, Su MD, Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhang H, Li X, Zuo D, Zhang ZF, Li Y. SiP-heterocycles derived from a bulky phosphanylsilylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10275-10278. [PMID: 37539464 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bis(1-adamantyl)phosphanylsilylene 1 was reacted with ArCCR (Ar = Ph, 4-iPr-C6H4, 3-F-C6H4; R = H, Ph) at 80 °C under microwave irradiation to afford fluorescence-active SiP-heterocycles 3a-d, which may undergo unique isomerizations starting from silirene intermediates. Moreover, the treatment of 1 with AdCP furnished a heavy congener of cyclopentadiene (4), whose formation involves cleavage of the Si(II)-P bond that is rarely observed in silylene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Haoqi Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xiaodi Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
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Nussbaum BC, Humphries AL, Gange GB, Peryshkov DV. Redox-active carborane clusters in bond activation chemistry and ligand design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9918-9928. [PMID: 37522167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral closo-dodecaboranes have the ability to accept two electrons, opening into a dianionic nido-cluster. This transformation can be utilized to store electrons, drive bond activation, or alter coordination to metal cations. In this feature article, we present cases for each of these applications, wherein the redox activity of carborane facilitates the generation of unique products. We highlight the effects of exohedral substituents on reactivity and the stability of the products through conjugation between the cluster and exohedral substituents. Futher, the utilization of the redox properties and geometry of carborane clusters in the ligand design is detailed, both in the stabilization of low-valent complexes and in the tuning of ligand geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Amanda L Humphries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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