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Zhao Q, Li X, Chen G, Wang Z, Tan C, Liu C, Zou H, Ma J, Zhu L, Duan T. Hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 zeolite for iodine and methyl iodide capture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134496. [PMID: 38718508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Effective capture of radioactive iodine from nuclear fuel reprocessing is of great importance for public safety as well as the secure utility of nuclear energy. In this work, a hydrophobic nanosheet silicalite-1 (NSL-1) zeolite with an adjustable size was developed for efficient iodine (I2) and methyl iodide (CH3I) adsorption. The optimized all-silica zeolite NSL-1 exhibits an excellent I2 uptake capacity of 553 mg/g within 45 min and a CH3I uptake capacity of 262 mg/g within 1 h. Benefiting from the reduced thickness and enhanced porosity, microporous NSL-1 possesses enhanced iodine adsorption capacity and fast adsorption kinetics, which is a considerable high value among inorganic materials. Unexpectedly, the remarkable characters of high hydrophobicity, acid-resistance and anti-oxidation endow it a higher iodine uptake capacity than traditional aluminosilicate zeolites. More importantly, the high uptake selectivity toward I2 possessed by NSL-1 owing to its hydrophobic skeleton under simulated dynamic conditions. The low cost, facile and scalable synthesis of NSL-1 further highlights great prospects for applications in the nuclear industry. This work provides useful insights for designing efficient adsorbents for iodine capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xin Li
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China
| | - Guangyuan Chen
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Zeru Wang
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Chuan Tan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Hao Zou
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Jing Ma
- China Nuclear Power Engineering Co.,Ltd, Beijing 100840, China.
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
| | - Tao Duan
- National Co-Innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu 610299, China; State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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Elmekawy A, Quach Q, Abdel-Fattah TM. Synthesis and Characterization of Silver-Modified Nanoporous Silica Materials for Enhanced Iodine Removal. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1143. [PMID: 38998748 PMCID: PMC11243725 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, the presence of iodine species, including radioactive isotopes like 129I and I2, poses significant environmental and health concerns. Iodine can enter water resources from various sources, including nuclear accidents, medical procedures, and natural occurrences. To address this issue, the use of natural occurring nanoporous minerals, such as zeolitic materials, for iodine removal will be explored. This study focuses on the adsorption of iodine by silver-modified zeolites (13X-Ag, 5A-Ag, Chabazite-Ag, and Clinoptilolite-Ag) and evaluates their performance under different conditions. All materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopey (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powdered X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and nitrogen adsorption studies. The results indicate that Chabazite-Ag exhibited the highest iodine adsorption capacity, with an impressive 769 mg/g, making it a viable option for iodine removal applications. 13X-Ag and 5A-Ag also demonstrated substantial adsorption capacities of 714 mg/g and 556 mg/g, respectively, though their behavior varied according to different models. In contrast, Clinoptilolite-Ag exhibited strong pH-dependent behavior, rendering it less suitable for neutral to slightly acidic conditions. Furthermore, this study explored the impact of ionic strength on iodine adsorption, revealing that Chabazite-Ag is efficient in low-salinity environments with an iodine adsorption capacity of 51.80 mg/g but less effective in saline conditions. 5A-Ag proved to be a versatile option for various water treatments, maintaining its iodine adsorption capacity across different salinity levels. In contrast, Clinoptilolite-Ag exhibited high sensitivity to ionic competition, virtually losing its iodine adsorption ability at a NaCl concentration of 0.1 M. Kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best describes the adsorption process, suggesting chemisorption mechanisms dominate iodine removal. Chabazite-Ag exhibited the highest initial adsorption rate with a k2 value of 0.002 mg g-1 h-1, emphasizing its superior adsorption capabilities. Chabazite and Clinoptilolite, naturally occurring minerals, provide eco-friendly solutions for iodine adsorption. Chabazite superior iodine removal highlights its value in critical applications and its potential for addressing pressing environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elmekawy
- Department of Physics, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Qui Quach
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
| | - Tarek M Abdel-Fattah
- Applied Research Center, Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Department of Molecular Biology and Chemistry, Christopher Newport University, Newport News, VA 23606, USA
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Lu Y, Yu Z, Zhang T, Pan D, Dai J, Li Q, Tao Z, Xiao X. A Cucurbit[8]uril-Based Supramolecular Framework Material for Reversible Iodine Capture in the Vapor Phase and Solution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308175. [PMID: 38032163 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The safe and efficient management of hazardous radioactive iodine is significant for nuclear waste reprocessing and environmental industries. A novel supramolecular framework compound based on cucurbit[8]uril (Q[8]) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is reported in this paper. In the single crystal structure of Q[8]-(4-AP), two 4-AP molecules interact with the outer surface of Q[8] and the two other 4-AP molecules are encapsulated into the Q[8] cavity to form the self-assembly Q[8]-(4-AP). Iodine adsorption experiments show that the as-prepared Q[8]-(4-AP) not only has a high adsorption capacity (1.74 g· g-1) for iodine vapor but also can remove the iodine in the organic solvent and the aqueous solution with the removal efficiencies of 95% and 91%, respectively. The presence of a large number of hydrogen bonds between the iodine molecule and the absorbent, as seen in the single crystal structure of iodine-loaded Q[8]-(4-AP) (I2@Q[8]-(4-AP)), is thought to be responsible for the exceptional iodine adsorption capacity of the material. In addition, the adsorption-desorption tests reveal that the self-assembly material has no significant loss of iodine capture capacity after five cycles, indicating that it has sufficient reusability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Dingwu Pan
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jingjing Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhu Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Zhang L, Luo YT, Fan JQ, Xiao SJ, Zheng QQ, Liu XL, Tan QG, Sun C, Shi Q, Liang RP, Qiu JD. Efficient capture of iodine in steam and water media by hydrogen bond-driven charge transfer complexes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133488. [PMID: 38219593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Untreated radioactive iodine (129I and 131I) released from nuclear power plants poses a significant threat to humans and the environment, so the development of materials to capture iodine from water media and steam is critical. Here, we report a charge transfer complex (TCNQ-MA CTC) with abundant nitrogen atoms and π-conjugated system for adsorption of I2 vapor and I3- from aqueous solutions. Due to the synergistic binding mechanism of benzene/triazine rings and N-containing groups with iodine, special I-π and charge transfer interaction can be formed between the guest and the host, and thus efficient removal of I2 and I3- can be realized by TCNQ-MA CTC with the adsorption capacity up to 2.42 g/g and 800 mg/g, respectively. TCNQ-MA CTC can capture 92% of I3- within 2.5 min, showing extremely fast kinetics, excellent selectivity and high affinity (Kd = 5.68 × 106 mL/g). Finally, the TCNQ-MA CTC was successfully applied in the removal of iodine from seawater with the efficiency of 93.71%. This work provides new insights in the construction of charge transfer complexes and lays the foundation for its environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Yu-Ting Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jia-Qi Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Sai-Jin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Qiong-Qing Zheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Quan-Gen Tan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chen Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qiang Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ru-Ping Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jian-Ding Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology (ECUT), Nanchang 330013, China.
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Yang AA, Cui JP, Liu Y, Zhang XS, Sun ZB, Luo N, Li WZ, Luan J. Fabrication of bimetallic-doped materials derived from a Cu-based complex for enhanced dye adsorption and iodine capture. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:14220-14234. [PMID: 37766592 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02749j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we used Cu(II) ions, a bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ligand [N,N'-bis(4-pyridinecarboxamide)-1,2-cyclohexane (4-bpah)], and an aromatic dicarboxylic acid [1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (H2CHDA)] to construct a 1D binuclear Cu-based complex, namely {[Cu3(4-bpah)(CHDA)3(H2O)]·2H2O}n (1). Moreover, we also developed a facile method to synthesize two monometallic/bimetallic-doped materials which were derived from the Cu complex (C-N-1 and C-V-1, which were doped with nitrogen and vanadium, respectively). The as-synthesized derived materials were fully characterized and the iodine sorption/release capabilities were investigated in detail. We performed iodine adsorption experiments on the two monometallic/bimetallic-doped materials and found that C-N-1 and C-V-1 possess highly efficient adsorption activities for the adsorption of iodine from solution. The C-N-1 and C-V-1 complexes exhibited remarkable adsorption capacities of 1141.60 and 1170.70 mg g-1, respectively, for iodine from a cyclohexane solution. Moreover, the dye adsorption properties of C-N-1 and C-V-1 were also investigated in detail. The obtained C-N-1 and C-V-1 exhibit effective dye uptake performances in water solution. The adsorption of Congo red (CR) on a single metal carbon material C-N-1 doped with heteroatoms reached equilibrium within 240 min and reached an adsorption capacity of 1357.00 mg g-1 and the adsorption capacities of C-V-1 for methylene blue (MB), gentian violet (GV), rhodamine B (RhB), and CR at room temperature were found to be 187.60, 190.60 and 108.10 and 1501.00 mg g-1 in 180 min, respectively. By comparison, we found that doping vanadium could play an important role in the adsorption processes. The adsorption capacity of C-V-1 (containing the vanadium in its structure) was relatively higher than that of C-N-1, which indicated that the introduction of non-noble metals may effectively tune the adsorption kinetics activity and the introduction of noble metals can change the surface electronegativity of porous carbon materials, thus leading to significantly improved adsorption capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ai Yang
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Peng Cui
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Sa Zhang
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Ze-Bang Sun
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Luo
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-Ze Li
- College of Science, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Luan
- College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China.
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Cao J, Duan S, Zhao Q, Chen G, Wang Z, Liu R, Zhu L, Duan T. Three-Dimensional-Network-Structured Bismuth-Based Silica Aerogel Fiber Felt for Highly Efficient Immobilization of Iodine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:12910-12919. [PMID: 37649325 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The effective capture and deposition of radioactive iodine in the spent fuel reprocessing process is of great importance for nuclear safety and environmental protection. Three-dimensional (3D) fiber felt with structural diversity and tunability is applied as an efficient adsorbent with easy separation for iodine capture. Here, a bismuth-based silica aerogel fiber felt (Bi@SNF) was synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method. Abundant and homogeneous Bi nanoparticles greatly enhanced the adsorption and immobilization of iodine. Notably, Bi@SNF demonstrated a high capture capacity of 982.9 mg/g by forming stable BiI3 and Bi5O7I phases, which was about 14 times higher than that of the unloaded material. Fast uptake kinetics and excellent resistance to nitric acid and radiation were exhibited as a result of the 3D porous interconnected network and silica aerogel fiber substrate. Adjustable size and easy separation and recovery give the material potential as a radioactive iodine gas capture material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyihan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruixi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
- Tianfu Institute of Research and Innovation, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610299, People's Republic of China
- National Co-innovation Center for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environmental Safety, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, Sichuan 621010, People's Republic of China
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