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Arnaut P, Bracho Pozsoni N, Nahra F, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP. Synthesis and reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold-fluoroalkoxide complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11952-11958. [PMID: 38958393 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01402b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We disclose a novel series of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold complexes with varied steric and electronic properties, bearing fluorinated alkoxide anions. Early reactivity studies involving these synthons, lead to the synthesis of various complexes of relevance to gold chemistry and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Arnaut
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nestor Bracho Pozsoni
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
- Materials & Chemistry (MATCH) unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Nikolaos V Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S-3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Cesari C, Shon JH, Zacchini S, Berben LA. Metal carbonyl clusters of groups 8-10: synthesis and catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9503-9539. [PMID: 34259674 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we discuss advances in the chemistry of metal carbonyl clusters (MCCs) spanning the last three decades, with an emphasis on the more recent reports and those involving groups 8-10 elements. Synthetic methods have advanced and been refined, leading to higher-nuclearity clusters and a wider array of structures and nuclearities. Our understanding of the electronic structure in MCCs has advanced to a point where molecular chemistry tools and other advanced tools can probe their properties at a level of detail that surpasses that possible with other nanomaterials and solid-state materials. MCCs therefore advance our understanding of structure-property-reactivity correlations in other higher-nuclearity materials. With respect to catalysis, this article focuses only on homogeneous applications, but it includes both thermally and electrochemically driven catalysis. Applications in thermally driven catalysis have found success where the reaction conditions stabilise the compounds toward loss of CO. In more recent years, MCCs, which exhibit delocalised bonding and possess many electron-withdrawing CO ligands, have emerged as very stable and effective for reductive electrocatalysis reactions since reduction often strengthens M-C(O) bonds and since room-temperature reaction conditions are sufficient for driving the electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Shieh M, Liu YH, Huang CY, Chen SW, Cheng WK, Chien LT. The First Naked Bismuth-Chalcogen Metal Carbonyl Clusters: Extraordinary Nucleophilicity of the Bi Atom and Semiconducting Characteristics. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:6706-6721. [PMID: 30933492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mixed bismuth-chalcogen-iron clusters [{EFe3(CO)9}Bi]- [E = Te (1a) or Se (1b)] were produced via the reduction of BiCl3 with [EFe3(CO)9]2- under mild conditions. X-ray analysis showed that both clusters 1a and 1b had a square-pyramidal geometry, where the naked Bi and chalcogen both adopted a distorted trigonal-pyramidal configuration with a stereoactive lone pair. Complexes 1a and 1b can be further functionalized by methylation and metalation, which permits the nucleophilicity of the 6s/5s and 6s/4s lone pairs to be compared. In the metalation, the 6s pair of the Bi atom in 1a and 1b had an extraordinary nucleophilicity toward the unsaturated Cr(CO)5 fragment, even in the presence of the more chemically active 5s or 4s pair, whereas in the case of methylation, only the 4s pair of Se could be selectively alkylated. Upon oxidation of 1a and 1b with suitable oxidizing agents, NaBiO3 or K2SeO3, Bi-E bonded tetrahedral complexes [{EFe2(CO)6}Bi]- [E = Te (4a) or Se (4b)] were formed by the elimination of one Fe(CO)3 vertex. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near-edge structure, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that all of the Bi atoms in these complexes had oxidation states close to +1. Due to the electropositive character of the Bi atom, pronounced induced Bi···E inter- and intramolecular interactions were evident in 1a (1b), 4a (4b), and the metalated 3a (3b), where their linear-like ···Bi···E··· or zigzag-like ···Bi-E··· (E = Te or Se) chain or the Bi···E···E···Bi (E = Te or Se) dimeric chain can further expand into the two-dimensional network via nonclassical C-H···O(carbonyl) interactions, supported by noncovalent interaction index and DFT calculations. These positively charged Bi-induced Bi···E (E = Te or Se) and carbonyl-aided weak interactions can facilitate efficient electron transport within these ternary Bi-E-Fe or quaternary Bi-E-Fe-Cr cluster-based frameworks, resulting in semiconducting behavior with surprising ultranarrow energy gaps of 1.01-1.21 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuey Shieh
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Chung-Yi Huang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Szu-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Wen-Kai Cheng
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Li-Tzu Chien
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei 11677 , Taiwan , Republic of China
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Kořenková M, Kremláček V, Erben M, Jirásko R, De Proft F, Turek J, Jambor R, RůŽička A, Císařová I, Dostál L. Heavier pnictinidene gold(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14503-14514. [PMID: 30283956 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
N,C,N-Chelated pnictinidenes ArE [where E = As, Sb or Bi; Ar = 2,6-(tBuN[double bond, length as m-dash]CH)2C6H3] were used as ligands for the coordination of various gold(i) complexes. Thus, the reaction of ArE with [AuCl(Me2S)] gave complexes [AuCl(ArE)] [where E = As (1) or Sb (2)] that exhibited only limited stability in solution. By contrast, the reaction of ArBi with [AuCl(Me2S)] led to the immediate deposition of gold metal and the oxidation of the bismuth atom giving ArBiCl2. The treatment of a tetrameric gold alkynyl complex [Au(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)]4 with ArAs and ArSb gave ionic compounds [Au(ArAs)2]+[Au2(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)3]- [denoted as 3+[Au2(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)3]-] and [Au(ArSb)2]+[Au(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)2]- [denoted as 4+[Au(C[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPh)2]-], respectively. Finally, the reaction of ArE with the carbene gold(i) complex [Au(IPr)(MeCN)]+[BF4]- [where IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin-2-ylidene, MeCN = acetonitrile] produced ionic complexes [Au(IPr)(ArE)]+[BF4]- [for cations: E = As (5+), Sb (6+) or Bi (7+)]. All complexes were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, high mass accuracy electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), IR and Raman spectroscopy and (except for 1) by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Furthermore, the structure and bonding of both neutral and ionic complexes with different coordination patterns have also been investigated in detail using a Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kořenková
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ - 532, 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Ruggieri S, Zacchini S. The role of gold in transition metal carbonyl clusters. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bortoluzzi M, Cesari C, Ciabatti I, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Reactions of Platinum Carbonyl Chini Clusters with Ag(NHC)Cl Complexes: Formation of Acid-Base Lewis Adducts and Heteroleptic Clusters. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:6532-6544. [PMID: 28489358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of anionic platinum carbonyl Chini clusters [Pt3n(CO)6n]2- [n = 2 (1), 3 (2), 4 (3)] with Ag(IPr)Cl [IPr = C3N2H2(C6H3iPr2)2] afford the neutral acid-base Lewis adducts [Pt9(CO)18(AgIPr)2] (4) and [Pt6(CO)12(AgIPr)2] (5). These are thermally transformed into the homometallic heteroleptic neutral cluster [Pt3(CO)4(IPr)2] (6). Alternatively, 6 can be obtained from the reactions of 1-3 with an excess of the free IPr carbene ligand. The formation of 6 is sometimes accompanied by trace amounts of [Pt4(CO)4(IPr)3] (7). The reaction of 6 with free IPr affords the closely related [Pt3(CO)3(IPr)3] (8) heteroleptic cluster by substitution of the unique terminal CO ligand with a third IPr ligand. The reactions of 1-3 with Ag(IMes)Cl [IMes = C3N2H2(C6H2Me3)2] proceed differently from those involving Ag(IPr)Cl. Indeed, the only product isolated after workup is the bimetallic tetranuclear cluster [Pt3(CO)3(IMes)3(AgCl)] (9). 9 slowly reacts under a CO atmosphere, resulting in the pentanuclear [Pt5(CO)7(IMes)3] (10) complex. All of the new clusters 4-10 have been spectroscopically characterized and their molecular structures determined by X-ray crystallography. 4 and 5 retain the original trigonal-prismatic structures of the parent anionic Chini clusters, which are capped by two [Ag(IPr)]+ moieties. Conversely, 6-9 are based on a Pt3 triangular core decorated by CO and N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as well as Pt(CO) (in the case of 7) and AgCl (9) moieties. 10 displays an edge-bridged tetrahedral geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice , Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari″, University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Iacopo Ciabatti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari″, University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari″, University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari″, University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari″, University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna Italy
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Tang LH, Zhu TT, Ning P, Li K, Bao SY, Jin X, Zhang XY. Design and structural characterization of the all-metal aromatic sandwich species [Bi3Au3Bi3]3−: insight from density functional theory. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The [Bi3Au3Bi3]3− species, with hollow features, has a unique all-metal sandwich aromatic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Tang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Ping Ning
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Kai Li
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Shuang-You Bao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Xu Jin
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
| | - Xiu-Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Kunming University of Science and Technology
- Kunming
- China
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Bimetallic Fe–Au Carbonyl Clusters Derived from Collman’s Reagent: Synthesis, Structure and DFT Analysis of Fe(CO)4(AuNHC)2 and [Au3Fe2(CO)8(NHC)2]−. J CLUST SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-016-1073-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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