1
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Reinhardt E, Lenz T, Bauer L, Stierstorfer J, Klapötke TM. Synthesis and Characterization of Azido- and Nitratoalkyl Nitropyrazoles as Potential Melt-Cast Explosives. Molecules 2023; 28:6489. [PMID: 37764265 PMCID: PMC10535347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Desirable advancements in the field of explosive materials include the development of novel melt-castable compounds with melting points ranging from 80 to 110 °C. This is particularly important due to the limited performance and high toxicity associated with TNT (trinitrotoluene). In this study, a series of innovative melt-castable explosives featuring nitratoalkyl and azidoalkyl functionalities attached to the 3-nitro-, 4-nitro-, 3,4-dinitropyrazole, or 3-azido-4-nitropyrazole scaffold are introduced. These compounds were synthesized using straightforward methods and thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and DTA. Furthermore, the energetic properties such as (theoretical) performance data, sensitivities, and compatibilities of the compounds were evaluated and compared among the different structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (E.R.); (T.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (E.R.); (T.L.); (L.B.)
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2
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Schnierle M, Winkler M, Filippou V, van Slageren J, Ringenberg M. (Spectro)Electrochemistry of 3‐(Pyrid‐2‐yl)‐s‐Tetrazine‐ or 1,2‐(dihydro)pyridazine Tricarbonylrhenium(I)chloride. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schnierle
- University of Stuttgart Faculty of Chemistry: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Mario Winkler
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Vasileios Filippou
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Anorganische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Joris van Slageren
- Universität Stuttgart Fakultät 3 Chemie: Universitat Stuttgart Fakultat 3 Chemie Institut für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
| | - Mark Ringenberg
- Universität Stuttgart Institute für Anorganische Chemie Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart GERMANY
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3
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Yang J, Zhang GD, Zhang JG, Chen D, Zhang Q. New perspectives on the laser initiation for metal tetrazine complexes: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:305-312. [PMID: 34889322 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the relationship between laser initiation and charge transfer of metal tetrazine complexes (MTCs), several sets of MTCs with different metals and ligands were designed and their charge transfer (CT) characters were examined using a time-dependent density functional theory method (TD-DFT) in combination with UV-vis spectra, hole-electron distribution, interfragment charge transition, and transition density matrix analyses. Results show that Fe(II), Mn(II), and Cu(II) are suitable divalent transition metal cores in constructing the optical initiation tetrazine complexes. By replacing the divalent metal cores with a monovalent center, new sets of complexes are proved to possess metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) character and stronger absorption intensity in the near-infrared (NIR) region, which implies that monovalent MTCs are more in favor of low-energy laser initiation than divalent MTCs. Reasonable tuning of the structure of pyrazole substituent can expect to enhance the explosive performance while preserving the optical characteristics, which is an important design principle. This work thoroughly depicts the photoactive states for MTCs and gives a train of thought to explore new desirable laser initiation explosives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Gu-Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Dong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621900, China
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4
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Stetsiuk O, Abhervé A, Avarvari N. 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine based ligands and complexes. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5759-5777. [PMID: 32239040 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the most intriguing nitrogen based aromatic heterocycles is 1,2,4,5-tetrazine or s-tetrazine (TTZ) thanks to its electron acceptor character and fluorescence properties and the possibilities of functionalization in the 3 and 6 positions allowing access to various ligands. In this review we focus on the two main families of TTZ based ligands, i.e. ditopic symmetric and monotopic non-symmetric, together with their metal complexes, with a special emphasis on their solid state structures and physical properties. After a description of the most representative complexes containing unsubstituted TTZ as a ligand, symmetric TTZ ligands and complexes derived thereof are discussed in the order: 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(3-pyridyl)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(4-pyridyl)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(2-pyrimidyl)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(2-pyrazinyl)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(monopicolylamine)-tetrazine, 3,6-bis(vanillin-hydrazinyl)-tetrazine and TTZ containing carboxylic acids. Remarkable results have been obtained in recent years for metal-organic frameworks and magnetic compounds in which magnetic coupling is enhanced when the tetrazine bridge is reduced to radical anions. Non-symmetric ligands, such as dipicolylamine-TTZ and monopicolylamine-TTZ, are comparatively more recent than the symmetric ones. They allow in principle the preparation of mononuclear complexes in a controlled manner, although binuclear complexes have been isolated as well. Moreover, in the monopicolylamine-TTZ-Cl ligand, deprotonation of the amine, thanks to the electron acceptor character of TTZ, afforded a negatively charged ligand equivalent of a guanidinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Stetsiuk
- MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRS, UNIV Angers, 2 bd Lavoisier, 49045 ANGERS Cedex, France.
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5
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Savastano M, García-Gallarín C, López de la Torre MD, Bazzicalupi C, Bianchi A, Melguizo M. Anion-π and lone pair-π interactions with s-tetrazine-based ligands. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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6
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Dipicolylamino-methoxy-1,2,4,5-tetrazine ligand and its metal complexes: Structural and photophysical studies. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Yang ZL, Wang Z, Cao WL, Li T, Yang JQ, Zhang JG. New green energetic materials based on unsymmetrically substituted pyrazole-tetrazines and their hydroperchlorates. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj04519h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Some novel metal-free energetic materials were synthesized. Structural diversification of substituted tetrazines affects their physical and explosive properties making them have potential applications as green energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- 713th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
- Zhengzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wen-li Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Jun-Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- P. R. China
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8
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Zeisel L, Szimhardt N, Wurzenberger MHH, Klapötke TM, Stierstorfer J. 2-Methyl-substituted monotetrazoles in copper(ii) perchlorate complexes: manipulating coordination chemistry and derived energetic properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05375h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several new energetic coordination compounds (ECC) have been prepared using two 2-methyl-substituted tetrazoles. By simply changing the reaction conditions, the coordination sphere of the metal center can be manipulated in order to obtain different complexes with varying energetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Zeisel
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - Norbert Szimhardt
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
| | | | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry
- Ludwig Maximilian University Munich
- D-81377 Munich
- Germany
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9
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Sifain AE, Tadesse LF, Bjorgaard JA, Chavez DE, Prezhdo OV, Scharff RJ, Tretiak S. Cooperative enhancement of the nonlinear optical response in conjugated energetic materials: A TD-DFT study. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:114308. [PMID: 28330340 DOI: 10.1063/1.4978579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated energetic molecules (CEMs) are a class of explosives with high nitrogen content that posses both enhanced safety and energetic performance properties and are ideal for direct optical initiation. As isolated molecules, they absorb within the range of conventional lasers. Crystalline CEMs are used in practice, however, and their properties can differ due to intermolecular interaction. Herein, time-dependent density functional theory was used to investigate one-photon absorption (OPA) and two-photon absorption (TPA) of monomers and dimers obtained from experimentally determined crystal structures of CEMs. OPA scales linearly with the number of chromophore units, while TPA scales nonlinearly, where a more than 3-fold enhancement in peak intensity, per chromophore unit, is calculated. Cooperative enhancement depends on electronic delocalization spanning both chromophore units. An increase in sensitivity to nonlinear laser initiation makes these materials suitable for practical use. This is the first study predicting a cooperative enhancement of the nonlinear optical response in energetic materials composed of relatively small molecules. The proposed model quantum chemistry is validated by comparison to crystal structure geometries and the optical absorption of these materials dissolved in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Sifain
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0485, USA
| | - Loza F Tadesse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4125, USA
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - David E Chavez
- Explosives Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Oleg V Prezhdo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0485, USA
| | - R Jason Scharff
- Explosives Science and Shock Physics Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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10
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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11
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Chavez DE, Parrish DA, Mitchell L, Imler GH. Azido and Tetrazolo 1,2,4,5‐Tetrazine N‐Oxides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3575-3578. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201612496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David E. Chavez
- Explosive Science and Shock Physics Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos NM 87545 USA
| | - Damon A. Parrish
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
| | - Lauren Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 USA
| | - Greg H. Imler
- Laboratory for the Structure of Matter Naval Research Laboratory 4555 Overlook Ave. Washington DC 20375 USA
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12
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Myers TW, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Scharff RJ, Veauthier JM. Laser Initiation of Fe(II) Complexes of 4-Nitro-pyrazolyl Substituted Tetrazine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:2297-2303. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b02998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Myers
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Brown
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - David E. Chavez
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - R. Jason Scharff
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
| | - Jacqueline M. Veauthier
- M Division and ‡Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los
Alamos, New Mexico 87544, United States
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13
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Behavior of Electron‐Rich s‐Tetrazine and Triazolo‐tetrazine Nitrate Esters. Chemistry 2016; 22:10590-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Myers TW, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Scharff RJ, Veauthier JM. Correlating the Structural, Electronic, and Explosive Sensitivity Properties of CuII Tetrazine Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Myers
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - Kathryn E. Brown
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - David E. Chavez
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
| | - R. Jason Scharff
- M and Chemistry DivisionsLos Alamos National LaboratoryMS C92087544Los AlamosNMUSA
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15
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Myers TW, Bjorgaard JA, Brown KE, Chavez DE, Hanson SK, Scharff RJ, Tretiak S, Veauthier JM. Energetic Chromophores: Low-Energy Laser Initiation in Explosive Fe(II) Tetrazine Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4685-92. [PMID: 26986744 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of air stable Fe(II) coordination complexes with tetrazine and triazolo-tetrazine ligands and perchlorate counteranions have been achieved. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) was used to model the structural, electrochemical, and optical properties of these materials. These compounds are secondary explosives that can be initiated with Nd:YAG laser light at lower energy thresholds than those of PETN. Furthermore, these Fe(II) tetrazine complexes have significantly lower sensitivity than PETN toward mechanical stimuli such as impact and friction. The lower threshold for laser initiation was achieved by altering the electronic properties of the ligand scaffold to tune the metal ligand charge transfer (MLCT) bands of these materials from the visible into the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Unprecedented decrease in both the laser initiation threshold and the mechanical sensitivity makes these materials the first explosives that are both safer to handle and easier to initiate than PETN with NIR lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Myers
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Josiah A Bjorgaard
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Kathryn E Brown
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - David E Chavez
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Susan K Hanson
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - R Jason Scharff
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Veauthier
- M Division, ‡Theoretical Division, §W Division, and ∥Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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16
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Klapötke TM, Schmid PC, Stierstorfer J, Szimhardt N. Synthesis and Characterization of Tetrahedral Zinc(II) Complexes with 3, 6,7‐Triamino‐7
H
‐[1, 2,4]triazolo[4, 3‐
b
][1, 2,4]triazole as Nitrogen‐Rich Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp C. Schmid
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Szimhardt
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig‐Maximilians‐University Munich (LMU), Butenandtstr. 5–13 (D), 81377 Munich, Germany
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