1
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Barthélemy A, Scherer H, Weller H, Krossing I. On the Synthesis and Structure of 'Naked' Ga(I) and In(I) Salts and the Surprising Stability of Simple Ga(I) and In(I) Salts in the Coordinating Solvents Ether and Acetonitrile. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400897. [PMID: 38597591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we present the solid-state structures of solvent-free Ga[pf] and In[pf] salts ([pf]-=[Al(ORF)4]-; RF=C(CF3)3), which are very rare examples of salts with truly 'naked' metal cations. Both salts may serve as starting materials for subvalent gallium and indium chemistry with very weakly coordinating ligands providing the freedom of choice for solvents and ligands for the future. On the other hand, we report and rationalize the formation and isolation of [M(OEt2)2][pf] and [M(MeCN)2][pf] (M=Ga, In), underlining the surprising stability of these subvalent group 13 M+ ions against disproportionation. Unexpectedly, dicoordinate and carbene analogous [M(L)2]+ ions with the [pf]- counterion are stable in L=acetonitrile and diethyl ether at room temperature, opening up possible applications for example in organic synthesis and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Weller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie and Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg, Albertstr. 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Adet N, Specklin D, Gourlaouen C, Damiens T, Jacques B, Wehmschulte RJ, Dagorne S. Towards Naked Zinc(II) in the Condensed Phase: A Highly Lewis Acidic Zn
II
Dication Stabilized by Weakly Coordinating Carborate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Adet
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - David Specklin
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Thibault Damiens
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Béatrice Jacques
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Rudolf J. Wehmschulte
- Chemistry Program Florida Institute of Technology 150 West University Boulevard Melbourne FL 32901-6975 USA
| | - Samuel Dagorne
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg CNRS-Université de Strasbourg 1 rue Blaise Pascal 67000 Strasbourg France
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3
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Adet N, Specklin D, Gourlaouen C, Damiens T, Jacques B, Wehmschulte RJ, Dagorne S. Towards Naked Zinc(II) in the Condensed Phase: A Highly Lewis Acidic Zn II Dication Stabilized by Weakly Coordinating Carborate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2084-2088. [PMID: 33037702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The employment of the hexyl-substituted anion [HexCB11 Cl11 ]- allowed the synthesis of a ZnII species, Zn[HexCB11 Cl11 ]2 , 3, in which the Zn2+ cation is only weakly coordinated to two carborate counterions and that is soluble in low polarity organic solvents such as bromobenzene. DOSY NMR studies show the facile displacement of at least one of the counterions, and this near nakedness of the cation results in high catalytic activity in the hydrosilylation of 1-hexene and 1-methyl-1cyclohexene. Fluoride ion affinity (FIA) calculations reveal a solution Lewis acidity of 3 (FIA=262.1 kJ mol-1 ) that is higher than that of the landmark Lewis acid B(C6 F5 )3 (FIA=220.5 kJ mol-1 ). This high Lewis acidity leads to a high activity in catalytic CO2 and Ph2 CO reduction by Et3 SiH and hydrogenation of 1,1-diphenylethylene using 1,4-cyclohexadiene as the hydrogen source. Compound 3 was characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Adet
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - David Specklin
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Thibault Damiens
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Béatrice Jacques
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rudolf J Wehmschulte
- Chemistry Program, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Boulevard, Melbourne, FL, 32901-6975, USA
| | - Samuel Dagorne
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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4
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Jung HJ, Cho Y, Kim D, Mehrkhodavandi P. Cationic aluminum, gallium, and indium complexes in catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01741h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of cationic charge allows cationic group 13 complexes to be excellent Lewis acid catalysts. Cationic aluminum, gallium, and indium complexes in catalysis are comprehensively reviewed based on the reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Joon Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Youngjung Cho
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Diana Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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5
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Li Z, Yang S, Thiery G, Gandon V, Bour C. On the Superior Activity of In(I) versus In(III) Cations Toward ortho-C-Alkylation of Anilines and Intramolecular Hydroamination of Alkenes. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12947-12959. [PMID: 32957782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient ortho-C-alkylation of unprotected anilines with a variety of styrenes and alkenes using a univalent cationic indium(I) catalyst is reported. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via a tandem hydroamination/Hofmann-Martius rearrangement. The high compatibility between the cationic indium(I) complex and primary anilines led us to develop an In(I)+-catalyzed hydroamination of alkenes using unprotected primary and secondary alkenylamines. Computations support the catalytic activity of naked In(I)+ ions, with an outer sphere mechanism for the C-N bond formation and a potentially inner sphere protodemetallation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Li
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay cedex 91405, France
| | - Shengwen Yang
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay cedex 91405, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, Palaiseau, Paris cedex 91128, France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay cedex 91405, France
| | - Vincent Gandon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay cedex 91405, France.,Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM), CNRS UMR 9168, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, route de Saclay, Palaiseau, Paris cedex 91128, France
| | - Christophe Bour
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO), CNRS UMR 8182, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 420, Orsay cedex 91405, France
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6
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Dontha R, Zhu T, Shen Y, Wörle M, Hong X, Duttwyler S. A 3D Analogue of Phenyllithium: Solution‐Phase, Solid‐State, and Computational Study of the Lithiacarborane [Li−CB
11
H
11
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:19007-19013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Dontha
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Cheng Zhu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Michael Wörle
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
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7
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Dontha R, Zhu T, Shen Y, Wörle M, Hong X, Duttwyler S. A 3D Analogue of Phenyllithium: Solution‐Phase, Solid‐State, and Computational Study of the Lithiacarborane [Li−CB
11
H
11
]
−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Dontha
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Cheng Zhu
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Michael Wörle
- Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryDepartment of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang University 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
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8
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Wehmschulte RJ, Peverati R, Powell DR. Convenient Access to Gallium(I) Cations through Hydrogen Elimination from Cationic Gallium(III) Hydrides. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12441-12445. [PMID: 31453691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although gallium hydrides XnGaH3-n (X = monoanionic substituent) are usually stable compounds, cationic arene-solvated species [H2Ga(arene)2]+ spontaneously eliminate dihydrogen at room temperature to afford the arene-solvated gallium(I) compounds [Ga(PhF)2][CHB11Cl11] (1) and [Ga(Ph3CH)][B(C6F5)4] (3). A key requirement appears to be the presence of a weakly coordinating anion. Use of the more basic triflimide anion, [NTf2]-, reverses the stability, i.e., the gallium(III) hydride H2GaNTf2 (4) is more stable than the gallium(I) compound GaNTf2 (5). The experimental results are supported by DFT calculations. Compounds 1 and 3 can be used as catalysts for the oligomerization of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and the hydrosilylation of benzophenone and 1-hexene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf J Wehmschulte
- Chemistry Program , Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6975 , United States
| | - Roberto Peverati
- Chemistry Program , Florida Institute of Technology , 150 West University Boulevard , Melbourne , Florida 32901-6975 , United States
| | - Douglas R Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Oklahoma , 101 Stephenson Parkway , Norman , Oklahoma 73019-5251 , United States
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9
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Shen Y, Zhang K, Liang X, Dontha R, Duttwyler S. Highly selective palladium-catalyzed one-pot, five-fold B-H/C-H cross coupling of monocarboranes with alkenes. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4177-4184. [PMID: 31057746 PMCID: PMC6471670 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00078j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed dehydrogenative B-H/C-H cross coupling of monocarborane anions with alkenes is reported, allowing for the first time the isolation of selectively penta-alkenylated boron clusters. The reaction cascade is regioselective for the cage positions, leading directly to B2-6 functionalization. Under mild and convenient conditions, styrenes, benzylic alkenes and aliphatic alkenes are demonstrated to be viable coupling partners with exclusive vinyl-type B-C bond formation. Multiple subsequent transformations provide access to directing group-free products, chiral derivatives and penta-alkylated cages. The five-fold coupling, combined with the latter reactions, represents a powerful methodology for the straightforward synthesis of new classes of boron clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjun Shen
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P. R. China .
| | - Kang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P. R. China .
| | - Xuewei Liang
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P. R. China .
| | - Rakesh Dontha
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P. R. China .
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , 310027 Hangzhou , Zhejiang , P. R. China .
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10
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Lin F, Yu JL, Shen Y, Zhang SQ, Spingler B, Liu J, Hong X, Duttwyler S. Palladium-Catalyzed Selective Five-Fold Cascade Arylation of the 12-Vertex Monocarborane Anion by B–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13798-13807. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Lu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Lin F, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Liu J, Duttwyler S. Fusing Carborane Carboxylic Acids with Alkynes: 3D Analogues of Isocoumarins via Regioselective B−H Activation. Chemistry 2017; 24:551-555. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yuji Sun
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; 38 Zheda Road 310027 Hangzhou P. R. China
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