1
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Barakat M, Elhajj S, Yazji R, Miller AJM, Hasanayn F. Kinetic Isotope Effects and the Mechanism of CO 2 Insertion into the Metal-Hydride Bond of fac-(bpy)Re(CO) 3H. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:12133-12145. [PMID: 38901030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The 1,2-insertion reaction of CO2 into metal-hydride bonds of d6-octahedral complexes to give κ1-O-metal-formate products is the key step in various CO2 reduction schemes and as a result has attracted extensive mechanistic investigations. For many octahedral catalysts, CO2 insertion follows an associative mechanism in which CO2 interacts directly with the coordinated hydride ligand instead of the more classical dissociative mechanism that opens an empty coordination site to bind the substrate to the metal prior to a hydride migration step. To better understand the associative mechanism, we conducted a systematic quantum chemical investigation on the reaction between CO2 and fac-(bpy)Re(CO)3H (1-Re-H; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) starting with the gas phase and then moving to THF and other solvents with increased dielectric constants. Detailed analyses of the potential energy surfaces (PESs) and intrinsic reaction coordinates (IRCs) reveal that the reaction is enabled in all media by an initial stage of making a 3c-2e bond between the carbon of CO2 and the metal-hydride bond that is most consistent with an organometallic bridging hydride Re-H-CO2 species. Once CO2 is bent and anchored to the metal-hydride bond, the reaction proceeds by a rotation motion via a cyclic transition state TS2 that interchanges Re-H-CO2 and Re-O-CHO coordination. The combined stages provide an asynchronous-concerted pathway for CO2 insertion on the Gibbs free energy surface with TS2 as the highest energy point. Consideration of TS2 as a rate-determining TS gives activation barriers, inverse KIEs, substituent effects, and solvent effects that agree with the experimental data available in this system. An important new insight revealed by the analyses of the results is that the initial stage of the reaction is not a hydride transfer step as has been assumed in some studies. In fact, the loose vibration of the TS that can be identified for the first stage of the reaction in solution (TS1) does not involve the Re-H stretching vibrational mode. Accordingly, the imaginary frequency of TS1 is insensitive to deuteration, and therefore, TS1 leads to no significant KIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Barakat
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Sarah Elhajj
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Riyad Yazji
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Alexander J M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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2
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Dong H, Liu X, Yang H, Zhao J, Zheng Y. Harnessing Excited-State Proton Transfer Reaction for 2-(6′-Hydroxy-2′-pyridyl)benzimidazole via Solvents. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:1950-1957. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Huan Yang
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yujun Zheng
- School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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3
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Zou YQ, von Wolff N, Rauch M, Feller M, Zhou QQ, Anaby A, Diskin-Posner Y, Shimon LJW, Avram L, Ben-David Y, Milstein D. Homogeneous Reforming of Aqueous Ethylene Glycol to Glycolic Acid and Pure Hydrogen Catalyzed by Pincer-Ruthenium Complexes Capable of Metal-Ligand Cooperation. Chemistry 2021; 27:4715-4722. [PMID: 33369774 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycolic acid is a useful and important α-hydroxy acid that has broad applications. Herein, the homogeneous ruthenium catalyzed reforming of aqueous ethylene glycol to generate glycolic acid as well as pure hydrogen gas, without concomitant CO2 emission, is reported. This approach provides a clean and sustainable direction to glycolic acid and hydrogen, based on inexpensive, readily available, and renewable ethylene glycol using 0.5 mol % of catalyst. In-depth mechanistic experimental and computational studies highlight key aspects of the PNNH-ligand framework involved in this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Quan Zou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Niklas von Wolff
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.,Present address: Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Moran Feller
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Quan-Quan Zhou
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Aviel Anaby
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Linda J W Shimon
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Liat Avram
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yehoshoa Ben-David
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - David Milstein
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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4
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Ataya M, Hasanayn F. Calculations on the non-classical β-hydride elimination observed in trans-(H)(OMe)-Ir(Ph)(PMe 3) 3: possible production and reaction of methyl formate. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The octahedral trans hydrido-alkoxide complex trans-(H)(OMe)-Ir(Ph)(PMe3)3 (2-OCH3) was prepared by Milstein and coworkers by addition of methanol to Ir(Ph)(PMe3)3 (1). 2-OCH3 was discovered to undergo a methanol catalyzed outer-sphere carbonyl de-insertion in which a vacant coordination site is not required. The reaction yields the octahedral trans dihydride complex trans-(H)2-Ir(Ph)(PMe3)3 (2-H) as a kinetic product along with formaldehyde derivatives reported as [CH2=O]x. We investigate the mechanism and products of this reaction using density functional theory. The de-insertion transition state has an ion-pair character leading to a high barrier in benzene continuum: ΔG ‡ = 27.9 kcal/mol. Adding one methanol molecule by H-bonding to the alkoxide of 2-OCH3 lowers the barrier to 22.7 kcal/mol. When the calculations are conducted in a methanol continuum, the barrier drops to 8.8 kcal/mol. However, the thermodynamics of de-insertion are endergonic by near 5 kcal/mol in both benzene and methanol. The calculations identify a low energy outer-sphere H/OMe metathesis pathway that transforms the formaldehyde and another 2-OCH3 molecule directly into a second 2-H complex and methyl formate. Likewise, a second H/OCH3 metathesis reaction interconverting methyl formate and 2-OCH3 into 2-H and dimethyl carbonate is computed to be exergonic and kinetically facile. These results imply that the production of methyl formate and dimethyl carbonate from 2-OCH3 is plausible in this system. The net transformation from the square planar 1 and methanol to 2-H and either methyl formate or dimethyl carbonate would represent a unique stoichiometric dehydrogenative coupling reaction taking place at room temperature by an outer-sphere mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ataya
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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5
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Dawe LN, Karimzadeh-Younjali M, Dai Z, Khaskin E, Gusev DG. The Milstein Bipyridyl PNN Pincer Complex of Ruthenium Becomes a Noyori-Type Catalyst under Reducing Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19510-19522. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise N. Dawe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Zengjin Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Eugene Khaskin
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C5, Canada
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6
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Yao W, DeRegnaucourt AR, Shrewsbury ED, Loadholt KH, Silprakob W, Qu F, Brewster TP, Papish ET. Reinvestigating Catalytic Alcohol Dehydrogenation with an Iridium Dihydroxybipyridine Catalyst. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Alexa R. DeRegnaucourt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Emily D. Shrewsbury
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Kylie H. Loadholt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Weerachai Silprakob
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Fengrui Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
| | - Timothy P. Brewster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Elizabeth T. Papish
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, Shelby Hall, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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7
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Demianets I, Cherepakhin V, Maertens A, Lauridsen PJ, Sharada SM, Williams TJ. A New Mechanism of Metal-Ligand Cooperative Catalysis in Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. Polyhedron 2020; 182. [PMID: 32410767 DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We report iridium catalysts IrCl(η5-Cp*)(κ2-(2-pyridyl)CH2NSO2C6H4X) (1-Me, X = CH3 and 1-F, X = F) for transfer hydrogenation of ketones with 2-propanol that operate by a previously unseen metal-ligand cooperative mechanism. Under the reaction conditions, complexes 1 (1-Me and 1-F) derivatize to a series of catalytic intermediates: Ir(η5-Cp*)(κ2-(C5H4N)CHNSO2Ar) (2), IrH(η5Cp*)(κ2-(2-pyridyl)CH2NSO2Ar) (3), and Ir(η5-Cp*)(κ3-(2-pyridyl)CH2NSO2Ar) (4). The structures of 1-Me and 4-Me were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. A rate-determining, concerted hydrogen transfer step (2 + R2CHOH ⇄ 3 + R2CO) is suggested by kinetic isotope effects, Eyring parameters (ΔH ≠ = 29.1(8) kcal mol-1 and ΔS ≠ = -17(19) eu), proton-hydride fidelity, and DFT calculations. According to DFT, a nine-membered cyclic transition state is stabilized by an alcohol molecule that serves as a proton shuttle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Demianets
- Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1661, United States
| | - Valeriy Cherepakhin
- Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1661, United States
| | - Alexander Maertens
- Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1661, United States
| | - Paul J Lauridsen
- Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1661, United States
| | - Shaama Mallikarjun Sharada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089, United States
| | - Travis J Williams
- Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Hydrocarbon Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, 90089-1661, United States
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8
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Mallah J, Ataya M, Hasanayn F. Dimerization of Aldehydes into Esters by an Octahedral d6-Rhodium cis-Dihydride Catalyst: Inner- versus Outer-Sphere Mechanisms. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Mallah
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ataya
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Faraj Hasanayn
- Department of Chemistry, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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9
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Alshakova ID, Nikonov GI. Selective Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Amines by Reductive
N‐
Alkylation of Nitriles and
N‐
Alkylation of Amines and Ammonium Formate Catalyzed by Ruthenium Complex. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna D. Alshakova
- Chemistry DepartmentBrock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines Niagara Region L2 S 3 A1 Ontario Canada
| | - Georgii I. Nikonov
- Chemistry DepartmentBrock University 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines Niagara Region L2 S 3 A1 Ontario Canada
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10
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Gusev DG, Spasyuk DM. Revised Mechanisms for Aldehyde Disproportionation and the Related Reactions of the Shvo Catalyst. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Denis M. Spasyuk
- Canadian Light Source, 44 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3, Canada
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11
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Morrow TJ, Christman WE, Williams JZ, Arulsamy N, Goroncy A, Hulley EB. Ligand dynamics and protonation preferences of Rh and Ir complexes bearing an almost, but not quite, pendent base. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2670-2682. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04259k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pendent nucleophiles can assist transition metals mediate bond rearrangements (e.g. as proton acceptors), but can also act as inhibitory hemilabile ligands. This dual nature has been studied in a series of rhodium and iridium complexes that exhibit disparate nucleophile binding ability in the ground state and in protonation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Morrow
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
| | | | | | - N. Arulsamy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
| | - A. Goroncy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
| | - E. B. Hulley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Wyoming
- Laramie
- USA
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12
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Nguyen DH, Morin Y, Zhang L, Trivelli X, Capet F, Paul S, Desset S, Dumeignil F, Gauvin RM. Oxidative Transformations of Biosourced Alcohols Catalyzed by Earth-Abundant Transition Metals. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duc Hanh Nguyen
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Yohann Morin
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Lei Zhang
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF); Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Frédéric Capet
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Sébastien Paul
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Simon Desset
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Franck Dumeignil
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
| | - Régis M. Gauvin
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS); Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, ENSCL, Univ. Artois UMR 8181; F-59000 Lille France
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13
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de Boer S, Korstanje TJ, La Rooij SR, Kox R, Reek JNH, van der Vlugt JI. Ruthenium PNN(O) Complexes: Cooperative Reactivity and Application as Catalysts for Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2017; 36:1541-1549. [PMID: 29353952 PMCID: PMC5770139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The novel tridentate PNNOH pincer ligand LH features a reactive 2-hydroxypyridine functionality as well as a bipyridyl-methylphosphine skeleton for meridional coordination. This proton-responsive ligand coordinates in a straightforward manner to RuCl(CO)(H)(PPh3)3 to generate complex 1. The methoxy-protected analogue LMe was also coordinated to Ru(II) for comparison. Both species have been crystallographically characterized. Site-selective deprotonation of the 2-hydroxypyridine functionality to give 1' was achieved using both mild (DBU) and strong bases (KOtBu and KHMDS), with no sign of involvement of the phosphinomethyl side arm that was previously established as the reactive fragment. Complex 1' is catalytically active in the dehydrogenation of formic acid to generate CO-free hydrogen in three consecutive runs as well as for the dehydrogenative coupling of alcohols, giving high conversions to different esters and outperforming structurally related PNN ligands lacking the NOH fragment. DFT calculations suggest more favorable release of H2 through reversible reactivity of the hydroxypyridine functionality relative to the phosphinomethyl side arm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra
Y. de Boer
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ties J. Korstanje
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan R. La Rooij
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Kox
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular
& Bio-inspired Catalysis, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular
Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Morris SA, Gusev DG. Rethinking the Claisen-Tishchenko Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:6228-6231. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave. W. Waterloo ON N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave. W. Waterloo ON N2L 3C5 Canada
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A. Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave. W. Waterloo ON N2L 3C5 Canada
| | - Dmitry G. Gusev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Wilfrid Laurier University; 75 University Ave. W. Waterloo ON N2L 3C5 Canada
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