1
|
Nascimento MA, LaPierre EA, Patrick BO, Watson JET, Watanabe L, Rawson J, Hering-Junghans C, Manners I. 1,3-Dipolar cyclisation reactions of nitriles with sterically encumbered cyclic triphosphanes: synthesis and electronic structure of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12006-12016. [PMID: 39092099 PMCID: PMC11290424 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02497d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe the synthesis, solid state and electronic structures of a series of tunable five-membered cationic and charge-neutral inorganic heterocycles featuring a P3CN core. 1-Aza-2,3,4-triphospholenium cations [(PR)3N(H)CR']+, [1R]+ (R' = Me, Ph, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-CF3C6H4) were formed as triflate salts by the formal [3 + 2]-cyclisation reactions of strained cyclic triphosphanes (PR)3 (R = t Bu, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2 (Mes), 2,6- i Pr2C6H3 (Dipp), 2,4,6- i Pr3C6H2 (Tipp)) with nitriles R'CN in the presence of triflic acid. The corresponding neutral free bases (PR)3NCR' (2R) were readily obtained by subsequent deprotonation with NEt3. The P3CN cores in 2R show an envelope conformation typical for cyclopentenes and present as yellow to orange compounds in the solid state as well as in solution depending on both substituents R and R' in (PR)3NCR'. The P3CN cores in [1R]+ show a significant deviation from planarity with increasing steric bulk of the R groups at phosphorus, which results in a decrease in the HOMO-LUMO gap and distinct low-energy UV-Visible absorption bands. This allows access to colours spanning red, blue, indigo, and magenta. TD-DFT calculations provide valuable insight into this phenomenon and indicate an intramolecular charge-transfer from the HOMO located on the P3 framework to the N[double bond, length as m-dash]C-R'-based LUMO in the cationic species. The cations [1R]+ represent rare examples of phosphorus-rich heterocycles with tunable colour, which can be incorporated into polymers by post-polymerization modification to afford coloured polymers, which demonstrate utility as both proton and ammonia sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Etienne A LaPierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Jade E T Watson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Lara Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Jeremy Rawson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor Ontario N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) A.-Einstein-Str.3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria British Columbia V8P 5C2 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dionisi EM, Binder JF, LaFortune JHW, Macdonald CLB. A remarkably stable acyclic phosphamethine cyanine dye. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2448-2454. [PMID: 36723255 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
While cyanine dyes enjoy a multitude of uses in science and technology, their phosphorus analogues, phosphamethine cyanine dyes, have not yet found benchtop applications primarily because of their sensitivity to air and moisture. We are excited to report full characterization of an extraordinarily stable acyclic phosphamethine cyanine dye. Nitrile substituents on the N-heterocyclic framework afford air and water stability as well as resistance to methylation and sulfuration even under forcing conditions. Cyclic voltammetry confirms a high oxidation potential of the compound and computational investigations reveal stabilized orbitals. The unusual orbital stability appears to render the normally electron-rich PI site an extremely poor nucleophile and difficult to oxidize. From a practical perspective, this dye is prepared in a one-pot method under mild conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Dionisi
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By. Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Justin F Binder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - James H W LaFortune
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By. Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Charles L B Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By. Dr., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deka R, Orthaber A. Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8540-8556. [PMID: 35578901 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the first isolable N-heterocyclic carbene in 1991 ushered in a new era in coordination chemistry. The remarkable bonding properties of carbenes have led to their rapid proliferation as auxiliary ligands for a wide range of transition metals and main group elements. In the case of group 15, while carbene-stabilized nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are extensively studied, the scope of research has shrunk significantly from arsenic to bismuth. This is essentially attributed to the decrease in stability of the C-E bond upon descending the group. Even so, modulating the carbene backbone or introducing alternative synthetic strategies not only alleviates the stability issues but also offers promising results in terms of the bonding and reactivities of these compounds. The purpose of the present perspective is to provide a comprehensive overview of the origins and development of carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, as well as to highlight the future prospects of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Deka
- Synthetic Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andreas Orthaber
- Synthetic Molecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry - Ångström laboratories, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moerman A, Sosa Carrizo ED, Théron B, Cattey H, Le Gendre P, Fleurat-Lessard P, Normand AT. Template Synthesis of NPN' Pincer-type Ligands at Titanium Using an Ambiphilic Phosphide Scaffold. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7642-7653. [PMID: 35500277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ti-imido complex [TiCl(NtBu)(BIPP)] [1; BIPP = bis(iminophosphoranyl)phosphide ligand] reacts with terminal alkynes R-C≡CH (R = phenyl, isopropenyl, cyclopropyl, and 2-pyridyl) via P-P bond cleavage of the BIPP ligand. The resulting complexes [TiCl(NPN')(NPhPPh2)] (2a-d) contain a pincer-type NPN' phosphide ligand that incorporates the terminal alkyne and the imido ligand from complex 1. Complexes 2a-d feature two chiral centers (Ti and P) with interdependent absolute configurations; thus, they are formed stereoselectively. Complex 2a (R = phenyl) undergoes chloride abstraction with [Et3SiHSiEt3][B(C6F5)4], yielding [Ti(NPN')(NPhPPh2)][B(C6F5)4] (3). Complex 3 is a moderately active and stereoselective initiator for the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide. Complex 3 activates the C═O bond of 4-iodobenzaldehyde to give complex 4 as a single diastereomer despite the presence of three chiral centers. Complex 3 undergoes transmetallation with SbCl3, yielding [Sb(NPN')][B(C6F5)4] (5) and [TiCl3(NPhPPh2)] (6) selectively. The bonding situation in 3 and 5 was analyzed using Bader's atoms in molecules and the electron localization function, showing that the nitrogen atoms of the NPN' ligand are electronically similar, and that the metal-phosphide interaction is more polar in the case of titanium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Moerman
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - E Daiann Sosa Carrizo
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Benjamin Théron
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Pierre Le Gendre
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| | - Adrien T Normand
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de L'Université de Bourgogne (ICMUB), Université de Bourgogne, 9 Avenue Alain Savary, Dijon 21000, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cicac-Hudi M, Kaaz M, Birchall N, Nieger M, Gudat D. A neutral analogue of a phosphamethine cyanine. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6533-6536. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00837h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of an imidazolio-phosphide with a N-heterocyclic bromo-borane and NaH afforded a neutral analogue of a phosphamethine cyanine cation. DFT studies were used to analyse the dative bonding across P–C/B...
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar V, Gonnade RG, Yildiz CB, Majumdar M. Stabilization of the Elusive Antimony(I) Cation and Its Coordination Complexes with Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Rajesh G. Gonnade
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Cem B. Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Aksaray University 68100 Aksaray Turkey
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Deb R, Balakrishna P, Majumdar M. Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pn(I) (Pn=N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Cations. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101133. [PMID: 34786856 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Group 15 Pn(I) cations (Pn=N, P, As, Sb and Bi), which are isoelectronic with the donor-stabilized carbones, have emerged recently. Despite the presence of two lone pair of electrons, the Pn(I) cations are weakly nucleophilic due to their inherent positive charge. Strongly electron-donating supporting ligands including zwitterionic forms have been used to enhance their Lewis basicity. Furthermore, the chelating effect of cyclic ligand systems proved effective in increasing their nucleophilicity. The strategies involved in successfully isolating the fleeting Sb(I) and Bi(I) cations as the recent most achievements in this field have been discussed. The syntheses, structure, bonding situations and reactivity of the Pn(I) cations are discussed. An outlook on the periodic trends and future applications of these electronically unique electron-rich cationic moieties have been provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Deb
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Balakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune-411008, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar V, Gonnade RG, Yildiz CB, Majumdar M. Stabilization of the Elusive Antimony(I) Cation and Its Coordination Complexes with Transition Metals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25522-25529. [PMID: 34505340 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Upon stabilization by 5,6-bis(diisopropylphosphino)acenaphthene to form compound 1, the fugitive antimony (I) cation exhibited nucleophilic behavior towards coinage metals. Compound 1 was strategically synthesized at room temperature from SbCl3 , the bis(phosphine), and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate taken in a 1:2:3 ratio, whereby the bis(phosphine) plays the dual role of a reductant and a supporting ligand. The generation of 1 involves two-electron oxidation of the ligand to form a P-P bonded diphosphonium dication. Compound 1 was separated from this dication to give both products in pure form in moderate yields. Despite the overall positive charge, the SbI site in 1 was found to bind to metal centers, forming complexes with AuI , AgI and CuI . Compound 1 reduced CuII to CuI and formed a coordination complex with the resulting CuI species. The effects of the electron-rich bis(phosphine) and the constrained peri geometry in stabilizing and enhancing the nucleophilicity of 1 have been rationalized through computational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cem B Yildiz
- Department of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang L, Huang S, Zhang Z, Cao L, Xu X, Yan X. Mesoionic-Carbene-Stabilized Thiophosphoryl Cation (PS+). Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Linwei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zengyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Reichl S, Grünbauer R, Balázs G, Scheer M. Reactivity of P 4 butterfly complexes towards NHCs - generation of a metal-bridged P 2 dumbbell complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3383-3386. [PMID: 33683260 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00615k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of the P4 butterfly complexes [{Cp'''Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1-P4)] (A, Cp''' = C5H2tBu3) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1-P4)] (B, Cp* = C5(CH3)5) towards the N-heterocyclic carbene IMe (1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene) is reported. The reaction of A affords [P(IMe)2][Fe(CO)2Cp'''] (1) or [P(IMe)2][{Cp'''Fe}2(μ,η3:3-P3)] (2), the latter possessing a P3-allylic moiety. In contrast, the reaction of B yields [P(IMe)2][Cr(CO)3Cp*] (3) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)2}(η2-P2IMe2)][Cr(CO)3Cp*] (4), featuring a novel metal-bridged P2 dumbbell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Reichl
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, Regensburg, D-93053, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dionisi EM, Binder JF, LaFortune JHW, Macdonald CLB. Triphosphenium salts: air-stable precursors for phosphorus(I) chemistry. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12115-12127. [PMID: 32779666 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02219e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of low-coordinate phosphorus-containing species is an area of intense interest in modern main group chemistry. While typical routes for accessing such species include pyrophoric phosphorus-centered precursors or harsh reducing agents, triphosphenium cations represent a more convenient and safer alternative. This Perspective summarizes the use of air- and moisture-stable triphosphenium salts of [dppeP]+ as a source of P+ ions for the generation of a variety of new and/or useful low-coordinate phosphorus-containing species. These range from phosphorus-rich oligomers to phosphamethine cyanine dyes. Special emphasis is placed on the electronic structure of the newly generated species as well as their subsequent reactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Dionisi
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1S 5B6.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhou J, Liu LL, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Base-Stabilized [PO] + /[PO 2 ] + Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18276-18280. [PMID: 31609496 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The salts [(BAC)2 PO][BF4 ] (5) and [(BAC)2 PO2 ][BF4 ] (4) (BAC=bis(diisopropylamino) cyclopropenylidene), consisting of the PO+ and PO2 + cations, respectively, coordinated to the singlet carbenes, have been prepared. Computational investigations reveal that the electronic structure of the PO+ cation is a hybrid between the charge-localized and charge-delocalized resonance forms, resulting in ambiphilic reactivity. Compound 5 reacts as a donor with the transition-metal complex K2 PtCl4 to furnish [[(BAC)2 PO]2 PtCl2 ][BF4 ]2 (6) and KCl. Remarkably, both 5 and 4 have shown to act as electrophiles undergoing reactions with fluoride anion, leading to [OPF2 ]- and (BAC)PO2 F, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou J, Liu LL, Cao LL, Stephan DW. Base‐Stabilized [PO]
+
/[PO
2
]
+
Cations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhou
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Levy L. Cao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doddi A, Peters M, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Main Group Elements and Their Use as Ligands in Transition Metal Chemistry. Chem Rev 2019; 119:6994-7112. [PMID: 30983327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) are nowadays ubiquitous and indispensable in many research fields, and it is not possible to imagine modern transition metal and main group element chemistry without the plethora of available NHCs with tailor-made electronic and steric properties. While their suitability to act as strong ligands toward transition metals has led to numerous applications of NHC complexes in homogeneous catalysis, their strong σ-donating and adaptable π-accepting abilities have also contributed to an impressive vitalization of main group chemistry with the isolation and characterization of NHC adducts of almost any element. Formally, NHC coordination to Lewis acids affords a transfer of nucleophilicity from the carbene carbon atom to the attached exocyclic moiety, and low-valent and low-coordinate adducts of the p-block elements with available lone pairs and/or polarized carbon-element π-bonds are able to act themselves as Lewis basic donor ligands toward transition metals. Accordingly, the availability of a large number of novel NHC adducts has not only produced new varieties of already existing ligand classes but has also allowed establishment of numerous complexes with unusual and often unprecedented element-metal bonds. This review aims at summarizing this development comprehensively and covers the usage of N-heterocyclic carbene adducts of the p-block elements as ligands in transition metal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adinarayana Doddi
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marius Peters
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Binder JF, Swidan A, Macdonald CLB. Synthesis of Heteroleptic Phosphorus(I) Cations by P + Transfer. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:11717-11725. [PMID: 30191717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Reported are general synthetic approaches for the syntheses of asymmetrically substituted phosphorus(I) cations by P+ transfer from [dppeP]+ (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane). The first method grants access to acyclic derivatives and is accomplished by the sequential substitution of dppe using first a sterically encumbered ligand which cannot form a stable homoleptic complex, followed by a second equivalent of a less sterically demanding ligand. The second method grants access to cyclic derivatives and utilizes asymmetric hybrid phosphine/N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. Interplay between the different ligand types and their stoichiometries relative to those of [dppeP]+ also allows for the isolation of symmetrical derivatives with pendant phosphines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Ala'aeddeen Swidan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Charles L B Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , Ontario N9B 3P4 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Binder JF, Kosnik SC, St Onge PBJ, Macdonald CLB. Synthesis of Heavy Dicyanamide Homologues from Air-Stable Precursors. Chemistry 2018; 24:14644-14648. [PMID: 30086192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of dicyanophosphide and dicyanoarsenide anions is reported. These heavy homologues of the long-known and fundamentally important dicyanamide anion were formed through the nucleophilic displacement of bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) from the pnictogen+ transfer agents [dppePn][BPh4 ] (Pn=P, As) by exposure to cyanide salts. The protocol requires three synthetic steps from commercially available materials and the [dppePn][BPh4 ] salts are remarkably temperature, air, and moisture stable. All products have been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and the electronic structures of the DCPn anions have been assessed computationally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Stephanie C Kosnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - P Blake J St Onge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Charles L B Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario, N9B 3P4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cicač-Hudi M, Schlindwein SH, Feil CM, Nieger M, Gudat D. Cationic Diiodo-Phosphoranides through Oxidative I 2
Addition to Tricyclic Phosphamethine Cyanines. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cicač-Hudi
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Simon H. Schlindwein
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Christoph M. Feil
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Dietrich Gudat
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70550 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nesterov V, Reiter D, Bag P, Frisch P, Holzner R, Porzelt A, Inoue S. NHCs in Main Group Chemistry. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9678-9842. [PMID: 29969239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first stable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) in the beginning of the 1990s, these divalent carbon species have become a common and available class of compounds, which have found numerous applications in academic and industrial research. Their important role as two-electron donor ligands, especially in transition metal chemistry and catalysis, is difficult to overestimate. In the past decade, there has been tremendous research attention given to the chemistry of low-coordinate main group element compounds. Significant progress has been achieved in stabilization and isolation of such species as Lewis acid/base adducts with highly tunable NHC ligands. This has allowed investigation of numerous novel types of compounds with unique electronic structures and opened new opportunities in the rational design of novel organic catalysts and materials. This Review gives a general overview of this research, basic synthetic approaches, key features of NHC-main group element adducts, and might be useful for the broad research community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Nesterov
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Dominik Reiter
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Prasenjit Bag
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Philipp Frisch
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Richard Holzner
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Amelie Porzelt
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , Garching bei München 85748 , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Melancon KM, Gildner MB, Hudnall TW. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Redox Reactivity of a Cyclic (Alkyl) Amino Carbene-Derived Arsamethine Cyanine Dye. Chemistry 2018; 24:9264-9268. [PMID: 29775499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In our efforts to prepare a diarsenic allotrope supported by two cyclic alkyl amino carbene (CAAC) ligands we stumbled upon the synthesis of the first carbene-supported chloroarsinidene 3, which has been fully characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopic and XRD methods. Although further reduction of 3 was not possible, we found that addition of a second equivalent of CAAC in refluxing toluene afforded the first example of a crystallographically characterized arsamethine cyanine dye (4). The arsenic(I) dye is structurally similar to phosphorus analogues, and contains an arsenide anion with two stereochemically active lone pairs supported by two iminium ligands. The UV/Visible spectrum and redox chemistry of 4 were also explored. Upon reduction with one equivalent of KC8 , 3 is reduced to the originally targeted CAAC2 As2 allotrope 6, whereas oxidation provides access to the first example of an arsenic(II) radical dication (5).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kortney M Melancon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - M Brenton Gildner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Todd W Hudnall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Roy MM, Miao L, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. An unexpected Staudinger reaction at an N-heterocyclic carbene-carbon center. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The previously unreported carbene-phosphine adduct (IPr)PCl2N3 [IPr = (HCNDipp)2C:; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3] was synthesized and used as a synthon toward the elusive dichlorophosphazene monomer unit, [Cl2P=N]. (IPr)PCl2N3 was found to undergo halide and azide abstraction when combined with various electrophiles and its thermolysis yielded the unexpected Staudinger reaction product (IPr=N)PCl2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M.D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Linkun Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Dr., Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schwedtmann K, Zanoni G, Weigand JJ. Recent Advances in Imidazoliumyl-Substituted Phosphorus Compounds. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1388-1405. [PMID: 29573181 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the recent developments in the chemistry of selected imidazoliumyl-substituted phosphorus compounds. The synthetic approaches for their preparation with phosphorus in various oxidation states and coordination environments are discussed. Their intriguing properties and versatile chemistry strongly depends on the bonding motif at the P atoms, which is given special focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schwedtmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jan J Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, TU Dresden, Chair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, 01062, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Binder JF, Kosnik SC, Macdonald CLB. Assessing the Ligand Properties of NHC-Stabilised Phosphorus(I) Cations. Chemistry 2018; 24:3556-3565. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin F. Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor N9B 3P4 Ontario Canada
| | - Stephanie C. Kosnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor N9B 3P4 Ontario Canada
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor N9B 3P4 Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ould DMC, Rigby AC, Wilkins LC, Adams SJ, Platts JA, Pope SJA, Richards E, Melen RL. Investigations into the Photophysical and Electronic Properties of Pnictoles and Their Pnictenium Counterparts. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darren M. C. Ould
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Alex C. Rigby
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Lewis C. Wilkins
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Samuel J. Adams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - James A. Platts
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Simon J. A. Pope
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main
Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bockfeld D, Bannenberg T, Jones PG, Tamm M. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Adducts of Phenyldioxophosphorane and Its Heavier Sulfur and Selenium Analogues. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Bockfeld
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Thomas Bannenberg
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Technische Universität Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kosnik SC, Nascimento MC, Rawson JM, Macdonald CLB. Synthesis of bis(trithio)phosphines by oxidative transfer of phosphorus(i). Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9769-9776. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01345k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the oxidative transfer of the phosphorus(i) centre in [PIdppe][Br] to tetrathiocin and disulfide ligands. Characterization of the resulting bis(trithio)phosphines and mechanistic insight into the formation of these products is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremy M. Rawson
- Dept of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- The University of Windsor
- Windsor
- Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elnajjar FO, Binder JF, Kosnik SC, Macdonald CLB. 1,2,4-Triazol-5-ylidenes versus Imidazol-2-ylidenes for the Stabilization of Phosphorus(I) Cations. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fawzia O. Elnajjar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Justin F. Binder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Stephanie C. Kosnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Charles L. B. Macdonald
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Windsor; 401 Sunset Ave. Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4
| |
Collapse
|