1
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Wang Q, Li H, Bujupi U, Gröning J, Stolz A, Bongiorno A, Gupta R. Oxygen Activation in Aromatic Ring Cleaving Salicylate Dioxygenase: Detection of Reaction Intermediates with a Nitro-substituted Substrate Analog. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400023. [PMID: 38363551 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Cupin dioxygenases such as salicylate 1,2-dioxygense (SDO) perform aromatic C-C bond scission via a 3-His motif tethered iron cofactor. Here, transient kinetics measurements are used to monitor the catalytic cycle of SDO by using a nitro-substituted substrate analog, 3-nitrogentisate. Compared to the natural substrate, the nitro group reduces the enzymatic kcat by 500-fold, thereby facilitating the detection and kinetic characterization of reaction intermediates. Sums and products of reciprocal relaxation times derived from kinetic measurements were found to be linearly dependent on O2 concentration, suggesting reversible formation of two distinct intermediates. Dioxygen binding to the metal cofactor takes place with a forward rate of 5.9×103 M-1 s-1: two orders of magnitude slower than other comparable ring-cleaving dioxygenses. Optical chromophore of the first intermediate is distinct from the in situ generated SDO Fe(III)-O2⋅- complex but closer to the enzyme-substrate precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island, New York, 10314, United States
| | - Hanbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island, New York, 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Uran Bujupi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island, New York, 10314, United States
| | - Janosch Gröning
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Stolz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelo Bongiorno
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island, New York, 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, United States
| | - Rupal Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd. Staten Island, New York, 10314, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, United States
- Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry and Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, 10016, United States
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2
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Liu Y, Liu Y. Computational Study of Aromatic Hydroxylation Catalyzed by the Iron-Dependent Hydroxylase PqqB Involved in the Biosynthesis of Redox Cofactor Pyrroloquinoline Quinone. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5943-5956. [PMID: 35362953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PqqB from Methylobacterium extorquens is a unique nonheme iron-dependent hydroxylase involved in the biosynthesis of redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). A series of recent experiments have demonstrated that PqqB catalyzes the stepwise insertions of two oxygen atoms into the tyrosine ring of the diamino acid substrate, generating the quinone moiety of PQQ; however, the reaction details have not been elucidated yet. In this paper, on the basis of the crystal structures, the enzyme-substrate complex models were constructed, and the catalytic mechanism of PqqB was explored by performing a series of combined QM/MM calculations. Our results confirmed that the first hydroxylation is performed by the highly reactive FeIV-oxo species and follows the typical H-abstraction/hydroxyl rebound mechanism, which is similar to the common aliphatic hydroxylation catalyzed by the α-KG enzymes. Nevertheless, the second hydroxylation is achieved by the Fe-O2 species, and the reactant complex can be described as an intermediate radical-FeII-superoxide, that is, the dioxygen is activated by accepting an electron from the bidentate coordination intermediate. Since both the dioxygen and intermediate are activated by electron transfer, the distal oxygen of superoxide can directly attack the carbonyl carbon of substrate to form an alkylperoxo intermediate, then the O-O heterolysis occurs to afford the epoxide intermediate, which finally evolves into the product by rearrangement. It is the bidentate coordination of catechol moiety to iron that leads to the one-electron oxidation of the substrate by the dioxygen, which significantly activates the substrate and promotes the superoxide radical attack. During the catalysis, Asp90 and His240 in the second sphere play an important role by acting as acid-base catalysts to mediate the proton transfer and manipulate the suitable orientation of superoxide. These findings may provide useful information for understanding the unique reaction mechanism of PqqB that employs both the FeIV-oxo and FeII-superoxide to carry out the aromatic hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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3
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Wang J, Wang X, Ouyang Q, Liu W, Shan J, Tan H, Li X, Chen G. N-Nitrosation Mechanism Catalyzed by Non-heme Iron-Containing Enzyme SznF Involving Intramolecular Oxidative Rearrangement. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7719-7731. [PMID: 34004115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The non-heme iron-dependent enzyme SznF catalyzes a critical N-nitrosation step during the N-nitrosourea pharmacophore biosynthesis in streptozotocin. The intramolecular oxidative rearrangement process is known to proceed at the FeII-containing active site in the cupin domain of SznF, but its mechanism has not been elucidated to date. In this study, based on the density functional theory calculations, a unique mechanism was proposed for the N-nitrosation reaction catalyzed by SznF in which a four-electron oxidation process is accomplished through a series of complicated electron transferring between the iron center and substrate to bypass the high-valent FeIV═O species. In the catalytic reaction pathway, the O2 binds to the iron center and attacks on the substrate to form the peroxo bridge intermediate by obtaining two electrons from the substrate exclusively. Then, instead of cleaving the peroxo bridge, the Cε-Nω bond of the substrate is homolytically cleaved first to form a carbocation intermediate, which polarizes the peroxo bridge and promotes its heterolysis. After O-O bond cleavage, the following reaction steps proceed effortlessly so that the N-nitrosation is accomplished without NO exchange among reaction species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qingwen Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jiankai Shan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xichen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guangju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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4
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Dong G, Lin LR, Xu LY, Li EM. Reaction mechanism of lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) studied by computational methods. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 211:111204. [PMID: 32801097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a copper-dependent amine oxidase that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of the ε-amino group of lysines/hydroxylysines on substrate proteins (collagen and elastin) to form aldehyde groups. The generated aldehyde groups are of significance in crosslinking with the adjacent aldehyde or ε-amino group on proteins in extracellular matrix. In this paper, we have studied the reaction mechanism of LOXL2 by means of quantum mechanics (QM) and combined QM and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. This study is divided into two parts, i.e. the biosynthesis of lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) cofactor and oxidative deamination of ε-amino group of lysine by LTQ. For the former part, the reaction is driven by a large exothermicity of about 284 kJ/mol. Dopaquinone radical (DPQr) is suggested to be an intermediate state in this reaction. In addition, His652 residue is predicted to serve as proton acceptor. The rate-determining step for the biosynthesis of LTQ is found to be hydrogen-atom abstraction from the benzene ring on substrate by Cu2+-hydroxide, which is a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process with an energy barrier of 84 kJ/mol. For the latter part, the reaction is exothermic by about 145 kJ/mol, and the copper ion is proposed to play a role of redox catalyst in the last step to generate the product of aldehyde. However, the copper ion might not be indispensable for the latter part, which is consistent with the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
| | - Li-Rui Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Medical Informatics Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology in High Cancer Incidence Coastal Area of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, PR China.
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5
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Xue J, Lu J, Lai W. Mechanistic insights into a non-heme 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene-forming enzyme: selectivity of ethylene-formation versusl-Arg hydroxylation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9957-9968. [PMID: 31041955 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00794f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) is a unique member of the Fe(ii)- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent (Fe/2OG) oxygenases. It converts 2OG into ethylene plus three CO2 molecules (ethylene-forming reaction) and also catalyzes the C5 hydroxylation of l-arginine coupled to the oxidative decarboxylation of 2OG (l-Arg hydroxylation reaction). To uncover the mechanisms of the dual transformations by EFE, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations were carried out. Based on the results, a branched mechanism was proposed. An FeII-peroxysuccinate complex with a dissociated CO2 generated through the nucleophilic attack of the superoxo moiety of the Fe-O2 species on the keto carbon of 2OG is the key common intermediate in both reactions. A competition between the subsequent CO2 insertion (a key step in the ethylene-forming pathway) and the O-O bond cleavage (leading to the formation of succinate) governs the product selectivity. The calculated reaction barriers suggested that the CO2 insertion is favored over the O-O bond cleavage. This is consistent with the product preference observed in experiments. By comparison with the results of AsqJ (an Fe/2OG oxygenase that leads to substrate oxidation exclusively), the protein environment was found to be crucial for the selectivity. Further calculations demonstrated that the local electric field of the protein environment in EFE promotes ethylene formation by acting as a charge template, exemplifying the importance of the electrostatic interaction in enzyme catalysis. These findings offer mechanistic insights into the EFE catalysis and provide important clues for better understanding the unique ethylene-forming capability of EFE compared with other Fe/2OG oxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China.
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Lu J, Lai W. Mechanistic Insights into a Stibene Cleavage Oxygenase NOV1 from Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Calculations. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:228-235. [PMID: 30828510 PMCID: PMC6382310 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
NOV1, a stilbene cleavage oxygenase, catalyzes the cleavage of the central double bond of stilbenes to two phenolic aldehydes, using a 4-His Fe(II) center and dioxygen. Herein, we use in-protein quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanism of the central double bond cleavage of phytoalexin resveratrol by NOV1. Our results showed that the oxygen molecule prefers to bind to the iron center in a side-on fashion, as suggested from the experiment. The quintet Fe-O2 complex with the side-on superoxo antiferromagnetic coupled to the resveratrol radical is identified as the reactive oxygen species. The QM/MM results support the dioxygenase mechanism involving a dioxetane intermediate with a rate-limiting barrier of 10.0 kcal mol-1. The alternative pathway through an epoxide intermediate is ruled out due to a larger rate-limiting barrier (26.8 kcal mol-1). These findings provide important insight into the catalytic mechanism of carotenoid cleavage oxygenases and also the dioxygen activation of non-heme enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Lu
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of ChinaNo. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian DistrictBeijing100872P. R. China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of ChemistryRenmin University of ChinaNo. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian DistrictBeijing100872P. R. China
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Li S, Lu J, Lai W. Mechanistic insights into ring cleavage of hydroquinone by PnpCD from quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8194-8205. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01084j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
QM/MM calculations for ring cleavage of hydroquinone by PnpCD show that Asn258 loses coordination to the iron when the reaction begins. The first-sphere Glu262 can act as an acid–base catalyst to lower the rate-limiting barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senzhi Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jiarui Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing
- China
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8
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Manna RN, Malakar T, Jana B, Paul A. Unraveling the Crucial Role of Single Active Water Molecule in the Oxidative Cleavage of Aliphatic C–C Bond of 2,4′-Dihydroxyacetophenone Catalyzed by 2,4′-Dihydroxyacetophenone Dioxygenase Enzyme: A Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Investigation. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra Nath Manna
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tanmay Malakar
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biman Jana
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ankan Paul
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Tian G, Su H, Liu Y. Mechanism of Sulfoxidation and C–S Bond Formation Involved in the Biosynthesis of Ergothioneine Catalyzed by Ergothioneine Synthase (EgtB). ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Tian
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongjun Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Jafari S, Kazemi N, Ryde U, Irani M. Higher Flexibility of Glu-172 Explains the Unusual Stereospecificity of Glyoxalase I. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:4944-4958. [PMID: 29634252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite many studies during the latest two decades, the reason for the unusual stereospecificity of glyoxalase I (GlxI) is still unknown. This metalloenzyme converts both enantiomers of its natural substrate to only one enantiomer of its product. In addition, GlxI catalyzes reactions involving some substrate and product analogues with a stereospecificity similar to that of its natural substrate reaction. For example, the enzyme exchanges the pro- S, but not the pro- R, hydroxymethyl proton of glutathiohydroxyacetone (HOC-SG) with a deuterium from D2O. To find some clues to the unusual stereospecificity of GlxI, we have studied the stereospecific proton exchange of the hydroxymethyl proton of HOC-SG by this enzyme. We employed density functional theory and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the proton exchange mechanism and origin of the stereospecificity. The results show that a rigid cluster model with the same flexibility for the two active-site glutamate residues cannot explain the unusual stereospecificity of GlxI. However, using a cluster model with full flexibility of Glu-172 or a larger model with the entire glutamates, extending the backbone into the neighboring residues, the results showed that there is no way for HOC-SG to exchange its protons if the alcoholic proton is directed toward Glu-99. However, if the hydroxymethyl proton instead is directed toward the more flexible Glu-172, we find a catalytic reaction mechanism for the exchange of the HS proton by a deuterium, in accordance with experimental findings. Thus, our results indicate that the special stereospecificity of GlxI is caused by the more flexible environment of Glu-172 in comparison to that of Glu-99. This higher flexibility of Glu-172 is also confirmed by MD simulations. We propose a reaction mechanism for the stereospecific proton exchange of the hydroxymethyl proton of HOC-SG by GlxI with an overall energy barrier of 15 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jafari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj , Iran.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - Nadia Kazemi
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj , Iran
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry , Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund , Sweden
| | - Mehdi Irani
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kurdistan , P.O. Box 66175-416, Sanandaj , Iran
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Alavi FS, Zahedi M, Safari N, Ryde U. QM/MM Study of the Conversion of Oxophlorin into Verdoheme by Heme Oxygenase. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:11427-11436. [PMID: 29090581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b08332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase is an enzyme that degrades heme, thereby recycling iron in most organisms, including humans. Pervious density functional theory (DFT) calculations have suggested that iron(III) hydroxyheme, an intermediate generated in the first step of heme degradation by heme oxygenase, is converted to iron(III) superoxo oxophlorin in the presence of dioxygen. In this article, we have studied the detailed mechanism of conversion of iron(III) superoxo oxophlorin to verdoheme by using combined quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations. The calculations employed the B3LYP method and the def2-QZVP basis set, considering dispersion effects with the DFT-D3 approach, obtaining accurate energies with large QM regions of almost 1000 atoms. The reaction was found to be exothermic by -35 kcal/mol, with a rate-determining barrier of 19 kcal/mol in the doublet state. The protein environment and especially water in the enzyme pocket significantly affects the reaction by decreasing the reaction activation energies and changing the structures by providing strategic hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Evin, 19839-6313 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Evin, 19839-6313 Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Safari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University , G.C., Evin, 19839-6313 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ulf Ryde
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Lund University , Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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Roy S, Kästner J. Catalytic Mechanism of Salicylate Dioxygenase: QM/MM Simulations Reveal the Origin of Unexpected Regioselectivity of the Ring Cleavage. Chemistry 2017; 23:8949-8962. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhendu Roy
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry; University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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