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M E, Alam MM, Vijayalakshmi U, Gupta S, Dhayalan A, Kannan S. Synthesis, characterization, mechanical and magnetic characteristics of Gd 3+ /PO 4 3 - substituted zircon for application in hard tissue replacements. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35324. [PMID: 37638675 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The study reports on the use of sol-gel technique to yield zircon type [Zr(1-0.1-x) GdxTi0.1 ] [(SiO4 )1-x (PO4 )x ] solid solution. Titanium has been used as a mineralizer to trigger zircon formation while equimolar concentrations of Gd3+ and PO4 3- were added to determine their accommodation limits in the zircon structure. The crystallization of t-ZrO2 as a dominant phase alongside the crystallization of m-ZrO2 and zircon were detected at 1200°C while their further annealing revealed the formation of zircon as a major phase at 1300°C. Heat treatment at 1400°C revealed the formation of zircon-type solid solution [Zr(1-0.1-x) Gdx Ti0.1 ][(SiO4 )1-x (PO4 )x ] comprising the accommodation of 10 mol.% of Gd3+ /PO4 3- at the zircon lattice. Beyond 10 mol.% of Gd3+ /PO4 3- , the crystallization of GdPO4 as a secondary phase is noticed. Structural analysis revealed the expansion of zircon lattice due to the simultaneous occupancy of Gd3+ /PO4 3- for the corresponding Zr4+ /SiO4 4- sites. The mechanical strength of single-phase zircon solid solution was higher in comparison to that of multiphase materials, namely in the presence of GdPO4 formed as a secondary phase in samples with added equimolar Gd3+ /PO4 3- contents beyond 10 mol.%. Nevertheless, the paramagnetic behavior of the samples demonstrated a steady surge as a function of enhanced Gd3+ content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezhilan M
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - M Mushtaq Alam
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - U Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences (SAS), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Somlee Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Manivannan E, Govindharaj P, Gupta S, Dhayalan A, Kannan S. Enhancing the zircon yield through the addition of calcium phosphates into ZrO 2-SiO 2 binary systems: synthesis and structural, morphological, mechanical and in vitro analysis. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16698-16711. [PMID: 37882158 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The crystallization of ZrSiO4 is generally accomplished by the addition of mineralizers into ZrO2-SiO2 binary oxides. The current investigation aimed to investigate the effect of adding calcium phosphates into ZrO2-SiO2 binary oxides on the yield of ZrSiO4. The concentration of calcium phosphate additions were varied to obtain ZrSiO4 that fetches improved mechanical and biological properties for application in hard tissue replacements. The findings highlight the significant role of Ca2+ and P5+ in triggering the ZrSiO4 formation via their accommodation at the Zr4+ and Si4+ sites. Especially, calcium phosphate additions trigger the t- → m-ZrO2 transition beyond 1000 °C, which consequently reacts with SiO2 to promote ZrSiO4 formation. Calcium phosphates are accommodated at the lattice sites of ZrSiO4 with a maximum limit of 20 mol%, beyond which the crystallization of β-Ca3(PO4)2 is noticed. The optimum amount of 20 mol% of calcium phosphates displayed a better strength than that of all the investigated specimens. More than 80% of cell viability in MG-63 cells was invariably determined in all the calcium phosphate-added ZrSiO4 systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezhilan Manivannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India.
| | - Poornima Govindharaj
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India.
| | - Somlee Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India
| | - Arunkumar Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India.
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Kalaivani S, Kannan S. Collective substitutions of selective rare earths (Yb 3+, Dy 3+, Tb 3+, Gd 3+, Eu 3+, Nd 3+) in ZrO 2: an exciting prospect for biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9291-9302. [PMID: 31166338 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to understand the significance of collective rare earth (RE3+) substitutions in ZrO2 structures for biomedical applications. The RE3+ ions namely Yb3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, Gd3+, Eu3+, and Nd3+ were selected and their concentrations were adjusted to obtain three different combinations. The influence of RE3+ on the crystal structure of ZrO2 alongside the absorption, luminescence, mechanical, magnetic, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) properties was explored. The concomitant effect of the average ionic size and RE3+ concentration determines the crystallization behavior of ZrO2 at elevated temperatures. The collective RE3+ substitutions exhibit both up-conversion and down-conversion emissions with their respective excitation at 793 and 350 nm. Nevertheless, increment in the concentration of RE3+ is found to be detrimental to the mechanical stability of ZrO2. The collective characteristics of multiple RE3+ demonstrate the potential of the investigated system in multimodal imaging applications. The unique luminescence characteristics of Eu3+ and Tb3+ are promising for fluorescence imaging while the presence of Dy3+, Tb3+, Gd3+ and Nd3+ unveils a paramagnetic response required for MRI. In addition, Dy3+ and Yb3+ contribute to the high X-ray absorption coefficient values suitable for X-ray CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalaivani
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605 014, India.
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Ponnilavan V, Khan MIK, Dhayalan A, Kannan S. Structure, luminescence, mechanical and in vitro behavior of zirconia toughened alumina due to terbium substitutions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 102:810-819. [PMID: 31147053 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The significance of Tb3+ inclusions at the zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) structure was explored. The influence of Tb3+ content at the crystal structures of ZrO2 and Al2O3 and the resultant optical, mechanical, magnetic and cytotoxicity properties were deliberated. The critical role of Tb3+ to attain a structurally stable ZTA until 1500 °C is ensured. Depending on the Tb3+ content, either tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) or cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) structures were stabilized while the propensity of Tb3+ reaction with Al2O3 to yield TbAlO3 is transpired only after exceeding the occupancy limit in ZrO2. The green emission and paramagnetic features are imparted by the Tb3+ inclusions at the ZTA structure. Dense and pore free microstructures with a direct impact on the improved mechanical features of ZTA is empowered by the presence of Tb3+. Further, the results from MTT assay and live/dead cell staining ensured the negligence of Tb3+ contained ZTA systems to induce toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ponnilavan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Mohd Imran K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Arunkumar Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India.
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Srigurunathan K, Meenambal R, Guleria A, Kumar D, Ferreira JMDF, Kannan S. Unveiling the Effects of Rare-Earth Substitutions on the Structure, Mechanical, Optical, and Imaging Features of ZrO 2 for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:1725-1743. [PMID: 33405549 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The impact of selective rare-earth (RE) additions in ZrO2-based ceramics on the resultant crystal structure, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, and imaging contrast features for potential applications in biomedicine is explored. Six different RE, namely, Yb3+, Dy3+, Tb3+, Gd3+, Eu3+, and Nd3+ alongside their variations in the dopant concentrations were selected to accomplish a wide range of combinations. The experimental observations affirmed the roles of size and dopant concentration in determining the crystalline phase behavior of ZrO2. The significance of tetragonal ZrO2 (t-ZrO2) → monoclinic ZrO2 degradation is evident with 10 mol % of RE substitution, while RE contents in the range of 20 and 40 mol % ensured either t-ZrO2 or cubic ZrO2 (c-ZrO2) stability until 1500 °C. High RE content in the range of 80-100 mol % still confirmed the structural stability of c-ZrO2 for lower-sized Yb3+, Dy3+, and Tb3+, while the c-ZrO2 → RE2Zr2O7 phase transition becomes evident for higher-sized Gd3+, Eu3+, and Nd3+. A steady decline in the mechanical properties alongside a quenching effect experienced in the emission phenomena is apparent for high RE concentrations in ZrO2. On the one hand, the paramagnetic characteristics of Dy3+, Tb3+, Gd3+, and Nd3+ fetched excellent contrast features from magnetic resonance imaging analysis. On the other hand, Yb3+ and Dy3+ added systems exhibited good X-ray absorption coefficient values determined from computed tomography analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rugmani Meenambal
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Science, Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Anupam Guleria
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus, Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | - Sanjeevi Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
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Ponnilavan V, Vasanthavel S, Khan MIK, Dhayalan A, Kannan S. Structural and bio-mineralization features of alumina zirconia composite influenced by the combined Ca 2+ and PO 43- additions. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:381-391. [PMID: 30813039 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The structural and bioactivity features of alumina zirconia composite (AZC) due to Ca2+ and PO43- additions are demonstrated. An in situ synthetic approach, starting from the solution precursors is devised for the powder synthesis in which the assorted range of Ca2+ and PO43- additions were done to the equimolar concentrations of Al3+ and Zr4+ precursors. The results witnessed the unique crystallization of tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2) at 1100 °C while Ca2+, PO43- and Al2O3 remained in their amorphous state in the system. On further heat treatment, α-Al2O3 crystallized at 1200 °C, which enforced t- → m-ZrO2 transformation while Ca2+ and PO43- still retained their amorphous state. The immersion tests in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution validated the enhanced bio-mineralization activity of AZC due to Ca2+ and PO43- additions. The results from the indentation tests demonstrated good uniformity in the elastic modulus and hardness data of the investigated specimens. Further, in vitro cell culture tests ascertained the bioactivity of all the AZC compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ponnilavan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S Vasanthavel
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Mohd Imran K Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - Arunkumar Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India
| | - S Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605 014, India.
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Kalaivani S, Ponnilavan V, Kumar PN, Kannan S. Structural, charge density and bond length variations in c-Y 2O 3 influenced by progressive cerium additions. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerium occupancy induces expansion of the cubic Y2O3 unit cell and yields a dense microstructure alongside enhanced mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kalaivani
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry-605 014
- India
| | - V. Ponnilavan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry-605 014
- India
| | - P. Nandha Kumar
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry-605 014
- India
| | - S. Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology
- Pondicherry University
- Puducherry-605 014
- India
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Ponnilavan V, Kannan S. Structural, optical tuning, and mechanical behavior of zirconia toughened alumina through europium substitutions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:1170-1179. [PMID: 30281921 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The structural and optical features of zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) due to the assorted range of Eu3+ substitutions are demonstrated. The characterization studies affirm the pivotal role of Eu3+ on the improved structural stability of ZTA and associated tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2 ) → cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2 ) transformation. Eu3+ prefers accommodation at the lattice sites of ZrO2 and their gradual accumulation induces t- → c-ZrO2 transition. Beyond the substitution limit, Eu3+ reacts with Al2 O3 to form EuAlO3 . Optical studies validate typical Eu3+ emissions, and further, the emission spectrum also predicts the symmetry of Eu3+ coordination at the ZrO2 lattice. Uniform distribution of ZrO2 and Al2 O3 grains throughout the microstructures are evident from the morphological analysis. Further, the influence of Eu3+ on the enhanced mechanical stability of ZTA is ensured from indentation technique. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1170-1179, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjeevi Kannan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Pondicherry University, 605014, Puducherry, India
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