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Hübner JM, Shiell TB, Guńka PA, Tao S, Zhu L, Hansen MF, Bullock ES, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Fei Y, Blatov VA, Proserpio DM, Strobel TA. A Sodium Germanosilicide with Unusual Network Topology. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39016546 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The germanosilicide Na4-xGeySi16-y (0.4 ≤ x ≤ 1.1, 4.7 ≤ y ≤ 9.3) was synthesized under high-pressure, high-temperature conditions. The novel guest-host compound comprises a unique tetrel framework with dual channels housing sodium and smaller, empty (Si,Ge)9 units. The arrangement represents a new structure type with an overall structural topology that is closely related to a hypothetical carbon allotrope. Topological analysis of the structure revealed that the guest environment space cannot be tiled with singular polyhedra as in cage compounds (e.g., clathrates). The analysis of natural tilings provides a convenient method to unambiguously compare related tetrel-rich structures and can help elucidate new possible structural arrangements of intermetallic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia-Maria Hübner
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
| | - Thomas B Shiell
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shuo Tao
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Mads Fonager Hansen
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
| | - Emma S Bullock
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vitali B Prakapenka
- Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yingwei Fei
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
| | - Vladislav A Blatov
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS), Samara State Technical University, Samara 443100, Russia
| | - Davide M Proserpio
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy A Strobel
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, District of Columbia 20015, United States
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Clark WP, Carrillo-Cabrera W, Prots Y, Fitch A, Krnel M, Schwarz U, Grin Y. Ge 32 Co 9-x : Creating "Empty" Space by High Pressure. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203955. [PMID: 36722619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The compound Ge32 Co9-x (x=0.54(6), a=10.9861(3) Å, space group Im 3 ‾ $\bar 3$ m) prepared under high pressure and at high temperature is metastable under ambient conditions. It crystallizes in a new structure type, Pearson symbol cI82-1.08. The crystal structure represents a slightly distorted cubic primitive arrangement of germanium atoms with part of the Ge cubes filled by cobalt. Analysis of the chemical bonding by real-space methods revealed three-core cluster units Ge16 Co3 and seemingly empty regions comprising either covalent inter-polyhedral Ge-Ge bonds or lone-pairs located at the germanium atoms. The electrical conductivity is metal-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Clark
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wilder Carrillo-Cabrera
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yurii Prots
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andy Fitch
- ESRF, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Mitja Krnel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe, Nöthnitzer Str. 40, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Feng X, Bobnar M, Lerch S, Biller H, Schmidt M, Baitinger M, Strassner T, Grin Y, Böhme B. Type-II Clathrate Na 24-δ Ge 136 from a Redox-Preparation Route. Chemistry 2021; 27:12776-12787. [PMID: 34270132 PMCID: PMC8518416 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The metastable type-II clathrate Na24-δ Ge136 was obtained from Na12 Ge17 by applying a two-step procedure. At first, Na12 Ge17 was reacted at 70 °C with a solution of benzophenone in the ionic liquid (IL) 1,3-dibutyl-2-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) azanide. The IL was inert towards Na12 Ge17 , but capable of dissolving the sodium salts formed in the redox reaction. By annealing at 340 °C under an argon atmosphere, the X-ray amorphous intermediate product was transformed to crystalline Na24-δ Ge136 (δ≈2) and α-Ge in an about 1 : 1 mass ratio. The product was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, chemical analysis, and 23 Na solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Metallic properties of Na24-δ Ge136 were revealed by a significant Knight shift of the 23 Na NMR signals and by a Pauli-paramagnetic contribution to the magnetic susceptibility. At room temperature, Na24-δ Ge136 slowly ages, with a tendency to volume decrease and sodium loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian‐Juan Feng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Matej Bobnar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
- Jožef Stefan InstituteJamova 391000LjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Swantje Lerch
- Technische Universität DresdenFachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Professur für Physikalische Organische Chemie01062DresdenGermany
| | - Harry Biller
- Technische Universität DresdenFachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Professur für Physikalische Organische Chemie01062DresdenGermany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Michael Baitinger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Thomas Strassner
- Technische Universität DresdenFachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Professur für Physikalische Organische Chemie01062DresdenGermany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
| | - Bodo Böhme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester StoffeAbteilung Chemische MetallkundeNöthnitzer Straße 4001187DresdenGermany
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Abstract
By using an anodic conversion process at 280 °C, the type II clathrates Na1.7(6)Ge136 and Na23.0(5)Ge136 were obtained from Na12Ge17 as the starting material. An alkali-metal iodide molten-salt electrolyte complied with the reaction conditions, allowing for the formation of microcrystalline products. Characterization by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy also revealed Na4Ge13 as an intermediate and α-Ge and Cs8-xGe136 as byproducts, with the latter likely resulting from cation exchange between the starting material and electrolyte. Taking such minor side reactions and a small contribution of material without suitable electrical contact into account, anodic conversion of Na12Ge17 to Na1.7Ge136 proved to proceed without parasitic processes and to comprise the material bulk. The hitherto existing preparation method for Nax→0Ge136 by gas-solid oxidation of Na12Ge17 has thus been translated into a scalable high-temperature electrochemical approach with enhanced tools for reaction control, promising access to pure Ge(cF136) and Na24Ge136 after process optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Böhme
- Department Chemical Metals Science, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids (MPI CPfS), Nöthnitzer Straße 40, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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Baitinger M, Böhme B, Wagner FR, Schwarz U. Zintl Defects in Intermetallic Clathrates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Baitinger
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Bodo Böhme
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Frank R. Wagner
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwarz
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 01187 Dresden Germany
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Beekman M, Kauzlarich SM, Doherty L, Nolas GS. Zintl Phases as Reactive Precursors for Synthesis of Novel Silicon and Germanium-Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1139. [PMID: 30965603 PMCID: PMC6479709 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental and theoretical work has demonstrated significant potential to tune the properties of silicon and germanium by adjusting the mesostructure, nanostructure, and/or crystalline structure of these group 14 elements. Despite the promise to achieve enhanced functionality with these already technologically important elements, a significant challenge lies in the identification of effective synthetic approaches that can access metastable silicon and germanium-based extended solids with a particular crystal structure or specific nano/meso-structured features. In this context, the class of intermetallic compounds known as Zintl phases has provided a platform for discovery of novel silicon and germanium-based materials. This review highlights some of the ways in which silicon and germanium-based Zintl phases have been utilized as precursors in innovative approaches to synthesize new crystalline modifications, nanoparticles, nanosheets, and mesostructured and nanoporous extended solids with properties that can be very different from the ground states of the elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Beekman
- Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - Susan M Kauzlarich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Luke Doherty
- Department of Physics, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
- Department of Materials Engineering, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA.
| | - George S Nolas
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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