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You DK, Kim M, Kim D, Kim N, Lee KM. Improvement in Radiative Efficiency Via Intramolecular Charge Transfer in ortho-Carboranyl Luminophores Modified with Functionalized Biphenyls. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37311712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that the electronic effects of the functional groups on aromatic units attached to o-carboranyl species can enhance the efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based radiative decay processes. Six o-carboranyl-based luminophores having attached functionalized biphenyl groups with CF3, F, H, CH3, C(CH3)3, and OCH3 substituents were prepared and fully characterized by multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In addition, their molecular structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, which revealed that the distortion of the biphenyl rings and the geometries around the o-carborane cages were similar. All compounds exhibited ICT-based emissions in the rigid state (solution at 77 K and film). Intriguingly, the quantum efficiencies (Φem) of five compounds (that of the group with CF3 could not be measured because of its extremely weak emissions) in the film state increased gradually as the electron-donating power of the terminal functional group modifying the biphenyl moiety increased. Furthermore, the nonradiative decay constants (knr) for the group with OCH3 were estimated to be one-tenth of those for the group with F, whereas the radiative decay constants (kr) for the five compounds were similar. The dipole moments (μ) calculated for the optimized first excited state (S1) structures gradually increased, from that of the group with CF3 to that of the group with OCH3, implying that the inhomogeneity of the molecular charge distribution was enhanced by electron donation. The electron-rich environment formed as a result of electron donation led to efficient charge transfer to the excited state. Both experimental and theoretical findings revealed that the electronic environment of the aromatic moiety in o-carboranyl luminophores can be controlled to accelerate or interrupt the ICT process in the radiative decay of excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyun You
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namkyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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2
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Relationship between the Molecular Geometry and the Radiative Efficiency in Naphthyl-Based Bis-Ortho-Carboranyl Luminophores. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196565. [PMID: 36235102 PMCID: PMC9572229 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based emission on π-aromatic-group-appended closo-ortho-carboranyl luminophores is known to be affected by structural fluctuations and molecular geometry, but investigation of this relationship has been in progress to date. In this study, four naphthyl-based bis-o-carboranyl compounds, in which hydrogen (15CH and 26CH) or trimethysilyl groups (15CS and 26CS) were appended at the o-carborane cage, were synthesized and fully characterized. All the compounds barely displayed an emissive trace in solution at 298 K; however, 15CH and 26CH distinctly exhibited a dual emissive pattern in rigid states (in solution at 77 K and in films), attributed to locally excited (LE) and ICT-based emission, while 15CS and 26CS showed strong ICT-based greenish emission. Intriguingly, the molecular structures of the four compounds, analyzed by single X-ray crystallography, showed that the C-C bond axis of the o-carborane cage in the trimethysilyl group-appended compounds 15CS and 26CS were more orthogonal to the plane of the appended naphthyl group than those in 15CH and 26CH. These features indicate that 15CS and 26CS present an efficient ICT transition based on strong exo-π-interaction, resulting in a higher quantum efficiency (Φem) for ICT-based radiative decay than those of 15CH and 26CH. Moreover, the 26CS structure revealed most orthogonal geometry, resulting in the highest Φem and lowest knr values for the ICT-based emission. Consequently, all the findings verified that efficient ICT-based radiative decay of aromatic group-appended o-carboranyl luminophores could be achieved by the formation of a specific geometry between the o-carborane cage and the aromatic plane.
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3
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Swart G, Fourie E, Swarts JC. Ferrocene-Bearing Dodecylphthalocyanines: Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Electrochemical Behavior. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13306-13321. [PMID: 35980289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocenylbutoxy-bearing dodecylated phthalocyanines, MPc(C12H25)x(OC4H8Fc)y with M = 2H (compound series 6 and 8) or Zn (compound series 5, 7 and 9), x ≤ 8 and y ≤ 4, were synthesized through either metal-free statistical condensation between 3,6-bis(dodecyl)phthalonitrile, 2, and 4- (1), or 3-(4'-ferrocenylbutoxy)phthalonitrile, 4, or a zinc template statistical condensation between 4,5-bis(dodecyl)phthalonitrile, 3, and 1 in the presence of anhydrous zinc acetate, or by zinc insertion into metal-free phthalocyanines. Compounds were designed to have eight nonperipheral dodecyl substituents, six nonperipheral dodecyl, either one peripheral or one nonperipheral 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy substituent, four nonperipheral dodecyl and two peripheral 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy substituents, or four peripheral 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy substituents. The compound having six peripheral dodecyl and one peripheral 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy substituents was also synthesized. Metal-free and zinc complex Q-band maximum absorption wavelengths increased nonlinearly from 704 to 725 nm for the Qy-band of metal-free compounds, or from 676 to 699 nm for the Q-band of zinc complexes in moving from all peripheral-substituted to all non-peripheral-substituted complexes. A rare case of accidental Q-band degeneracy where only one electronic Q-band is observed for asymmetrical zinc complexes NOT having D4h symmetry, compounds 5, 7b-e, and 9b, is also described. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) differentiated between four types of phthalocyanine nitrogen atoms; binding energies were ca. 399.8 (N-H), 398.1 (Nmeso), 397.8 (Ncore), and 398.7 eV (N-Zn), respectively. An electrochemical study of these compounds revealed up to five different redox processes in dichloromethane but only three in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The first ring-based oxidation of both metal-free compounds 6a-e and zinc phthalocyanines 7a-e exhibited a near-linear increase in peak anodic potentials, Epa, with the systematic replacement of two nonperipheral dodecyl substituents with one peripheral 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy group. When four 4'-ferrocenylbutoxy groups were substituted on the phthalocyanine macrocycle, aggregation of the first oxidized species was observed. Zinc insertion into metal-free phthalocyanines lowered formal redox potentials. An electrochemical scheme consistent with electrochemical results is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glendin Swart
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Eleanor Fourie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Jannie C Swarts
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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4
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Sánchez Vergara ME, Hamui L, Barcenas Hernandez MF, Rios C, Salcedo R. Combined experimental and theoretical study of conjugated ferrocene semiconductors and the effect of doping on their opto-electrical and structural properties. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Kim M, Ryu CH, You DK, Hong JH, Lee KM. Crucial Factors Regulating Intramolecular Charge-Transfer-Based Radiative Efficiency in ortho-Carboranyl Luminophores: Planarity between Substituted Biphenyl Rings. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:24027-24039. [PMID: 35847313 PMCID: PMC9281304 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
o-Carboranyl compounds contain specific geometries, ranging from planar to orthogonally distorted biphenyl rings. Herein, 13 o-carboranyl compounds, 1HF-13PP, were synthesized and fully characterized to determine the impact of structural formation of the aromatic group appended with the o-carborane to estimate the efficiency of their radiative decay process. All the compounds exhibited significant intramolecular charge transfer (ICT)-based emission in the crystalline state at 298 K. Remarkably, increasing the distorted dihedral angles between biphenyl rings gradually decreased the emission efficiencies. Furthermore, their radiative decay constants decreased linearly with increasing dihedral angles, which demonstrated the inversely proportional relationship between these two factors. These findings distinctly suggest that the planar or distorted geometry of substituted aryl groups can strongly affect the efficiency of the ICT-based radiative process in o-carboranyl luminophores.
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Gümüşgöz Çelik G, Şahin AN, Lafzi F, Saracoglu N, Altındal A, Gürek AG, Atilla D. Triphenylamine substituted copper and zinc phthalocyanines as alternative hole-transporting materials for solution-processed perovskite solar cells. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:9385-9396. [PMID: 35674235 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00068g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, new peripheral substituted Zn(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanine derivatives (p-ZnPc and p-CuPc) bearing bulky aromatic triphenylamine groups were synthesized as alternative hole-transporting materials (HTMs). The structures of the new phthalocyanine derivatives (p-ZnPc and p-CuPc) were illuminated by various spectroscopic techniques such as mass spectrometry and 1H, and 13C-NMR. After structural analysis, their photophysical properties in solution and the solid phase were examined by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Using p-ZnPc and p-CuPc as HTMs, highly stable perovskite-based solar cells with the structure of FTO/SnO2/perovskite/p-ZnPc and p-CuPc/Ag have been developed and characterized. It was observed that our devices with p-ZnPc as the HTM maintain over 93% of the initial performance for more than 960 h under atmospheric conditions (22-27 °C) with 35-45% relative humidity. In addition, some strategies such as using various methylammonium iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI2) blend ratios between 1 : 0.4 and 1 : 1.8 were employed to test the effect of the blend ratios on the long term stability of the perovskite-based solar cells. Our findings demonstrated that the spin-coated p-ZnPc based HTM demonstrated competitive power conversion efficiency and exhibited superior stability without encapsulation compared to commonly used HTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Gümüşgöz Çelik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Nur Şahin
- Department of Physics, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ferruh Lafzi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Nurullah Saracoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altındal
- Department of Physics, Yıldız Technical University, 34220, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayşe Gül Gürek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Devrim Atilla
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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7
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Ryu CH, Lee SH, Kim M, Lee KM. Geometric structural insights for enhanced radiative efficiency: Spiro[fluorene–carbazole]‐based
ortho
‐carboranyl
luminophores. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon Republic of Korea
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8
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Schrage BR, Ermilov E, Nemykin VN. Transient Absorption Spectra of Metal‐Free and Transition‐Metal 5,10,15,20‐Tetraferrocene Porphyrins: Influence of the Central Metal Ion, Solvent Polarity, and the Axial Ferrocene Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Victor N. Nemykin
- University of Tennessee System: The University of Tennessee System Department of Chemistry 1420 Circle Drive 37996 Knoxville UNITED STATES
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Özdemir M, Köksoy B, Kuruca H, Altındal A, Durmuş M, Koyuncu S, Yalçın B, Bulut M. Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of novel ferrocene-substituted metallophthalocyanines. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:570-579. [PMID: 34904142 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03104j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a series of new metallophthalocyanines, including ferrocene groups, were designed, synthesized and, characterized, and their photovoltaic properties were investigated as alternative electron-donor materials in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. These products were synthesized by a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction between tetraiodophthalocyanine and ethynyl ferrocene. The newly synthesized phthalocyanines (4-6) were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H NMR, and MALDI-TOF spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. The electrochemical characterizations were carried out by cyclic voltammetry as well as differential pulse voltammetry. Density functional theory calculations were realized to prove the charge separation between ferrocene as an electron-donor and the phthalocyanine ring as an acceptor. According to UV-Vis measurements, a 25 nm red-shift was observed for complex 4 compared with complexes 5 and 6. Finally, the photovoltaic performance of these compounds used as an electron-donor moiety in a BHJ device were investigated. A function of different blend ratios was tested by fabricating a series of BHJ devices with the architecture of FTO/PEDOT:PSS/4-6: PCBM blend/Ag with an identical thickness of the active layer. The results indicated that the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of BHJ devices exhibited a strong blend-ratio dependence. The maximum power conversion efficiency was obtained by 5-based devices, as 3.65%, with a blend ratio of 1.5 : 1.0 under standard AM 1.5 illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mücahit Özdemir
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Baybars Köksoy
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 16310 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Halid Kuruca
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Altındal
- Yildiz Technical University, Department of Physics, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mahmut Durmuş
- Gebze Technical University, Department of Chemistry, 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Sermet Koyuncu
- Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Chemical Engineering, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey.
| | - Bahattin Yalçın
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Bulut
- Marmara University, Department of Chemistry, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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Ryu CH, Lee SH, Yi S, Hong JH, Im S, Lee KM. Naphthyl‐ and Quinoline‐Appended
o
‐Carboranyl Luminophores: Intramolecular Charge Transfer‐Based Radiative Decay Controlled by Structural Geometry around C−C Bond Axis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yi
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Im
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology Kangwon National University Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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11
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Liu C, Yang W, Wang J, Ding X, Ren H, Chen Y, Xie Z, Sun T, Jiang J. A sextuple-decker heteroleptic phthalocyanine heterometallic samarium-cadmium complex with crystal structure and nonlinear optical properties in solution and gel glass. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13661-13665. [PMID: 34591058 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A sextuple-decker heteroleptic phthalocyanine heterometallic compound (1) with a subunit arrangement of {(Pc)Sm(Pc)Cd(Pc*)Cd(Pc*)Cd(Pc)Sm(Pc)} has been prepared and analyzed using various spectroscopic instruments, in which four unsubstituted phthalocyanine anions (Pc) and two substituted analogues (Pc*) with n-pentoxyl substituents at eight peripheral positions are connected through the complexation of two Sm(III) and three Cd(II) ions. In particular, its sextuple-decker structure has been disclosed by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. The solution and gel glass forms of this compound display third-order nonlinear optical properties due to the intrinsic conjugated nature over the sextuple-decker sandwich complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xu Ding
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Huimin Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Department of Chemistry School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Zheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Tingting Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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12
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Lee SH, Mun MS, Kim M, Lee JH, Hwang H, Lee W, Lee KM. Alteration of intramolecular electronic transition via deboronation of carbazole-based o-carboranyl compound and intriguing 'turn-on' emissive variation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:24057-24064. [PMID: 35479040 PMCID: PMC9036662 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03716a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of closo-o-carborane-containing compounds to the nido-o-species via deboronation causes photophysical changes that could be used for sensing applications. 9-Methyl-9H-carbazole-based closo- (closo-Cz) and nido-o-carboranyl (nido-Cz) compounds were prepared and fully characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and the solid-state molecular structure of closo-Cz was analysed by X-ray crystallography. Although the closo-compound exhibited an emissive pattern centred at λ em = ca. 530 nm in the rigid state only (in THF at 77 K and as a film), nido-Cz demonstrated intense emission in the near-UV region (λ em = ca. 380 nm) in both solution and film states at 298 K. The positive solvatochromic effect of nido-Cz and the results of theoretical calculations for both the o-carboranyl compounds supported that these emissive features originate from intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) corresponding to the o-carborane. Furthermore, the calculations verified that the electronic role of the o-carboranyl unit changed from acceptor to donor upon deboronation from closo-Cz to nido-Cz. Investigations of the radiative decay mechanisms of closo-Cz and nido-Cz according to their quantum efficiencies (Φ em) and decay lifetimes (τ obs) suggested that the ICT-based radiative decays of closo-Cz and nido-Cz readily occur in the film (solid) and solution state, respectively. These observations implied that the emission of closo-Cz in the solution state could be drastically enhanced by deboronation to nido-Cz upon exposure to an increasing concentration of fluoride anions. Indeed, turn-on emissive features in an aqueous solution were observed upon deboronation, strongly suggesting the potential of closo-Cz as a turn-on and visually detectable chemodosimeter for fluoride ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Mun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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13
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Vecchi A, Sabin JR, Sabuzi F, Conte V, Cicero DO, Floris B, Galloni P, Nemykin VN. Similar, Yet Different: Long-Range Metal-Metal Coupling and Electron-Transfer Processes in Metal-Free 5,10,15,20-Tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8227-8241. [PMID: 34033715 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure, redox properties, and long-range metal-metal coupling in metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ruthenocenyl)porphyrin (H2TRcP) were probed by spectroscopic (NMR, UV-vis, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)), electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry, CV, and differential pulse voltammetry, DPV), spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation methods, as well as theoretical (density functional theory, DFT, and time-dependent DFT, TDDFT) approaches. It was demonstrated that the spectroscopic properties of H2TRcP are significantly different from those in H2TFcP (metal-free 5,10,15,20-tetra(ferrocenyl)porphyrin). Ruthenocenyl fragments in H2TRcP have higher oxidation potentials than the ferrocene groups in the H2TFcP complex. Similar to H2TFcP, we were able to access and spectroscopically characterize the one- and two-electron oxidized mixed-valence states in the H2TRcP system. DFT predicts that the porphyrin π-system stabilizes the [H2TRcP]+ mixed-valence cation and prevents its dimerization, which is characteristic for ruthenocenyl systems. However, formation of the mixed-valence [H2TRcP]2+ is significantly less reproducible than the formation of [H2TRcP]+. DFT and TDDFT calculations suggest the ruthenocenyl fragment dominance in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy region and the presence of the low-energy MLCT (Rc → porphyrin (π*)) transitions in the visible region with energies higher than the predominantly porphyrin-centered Q-bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vecchi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Jared R Sabin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Valeria Conte
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Daniel Oscar Cicero
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Barbara Floris
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 0133, Italy
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota 55812, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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14
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You DK, So H, Ryu CH, Kim M, Lee KM. Strategic molecular design of closo-ortho-carboranyl luminophores to manifest thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8411-8423. [PMID: 34221322 PMCID: PMC8221186 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00791b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a strategic molecular design of closo-o-carborane-based donor-acceptor dyad system that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) in the solution state at ambient temperature. Planar 9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluorene-based compounds with closo- and nido-o-carborane cages appended at the C2-, C3-, and C4-positions of each fluorene moiety (closo-type: 2FC, 3FC, 4FC, and 4FCH, and nido-type: nido-4FC = [nido-form of 4FC]·[NBu4]) were prepared and characterized. The solid-state molecular structure of 4FC exhibited a significantly distorted fluorene plane, which suggests the existence of severe intramolecular steric hindrance. In photoluminescence measurements, 4FC exhibits a noticeable intramolecular charge transition (ICT)-based emission in all states (solution at 298 K and 77 K, and solid states); however, emissions by other closo-compounds were observed in only the rigid state (solution at 77 K and film). Furthermore, nido-4FC did not exhibit emissive traces in any state. These observations verify that all radiative decay processes correspond to ICT transitions triggered by closo-o-carborane, which acts as an electron acceptor. Relative energy barriers calculated by TD-DFT as dihedral angles around o-carborane cages change in closo-compounds, which indicates that the structural formation of 4FC is nearly fixed around its S0-optimized structure. This differs from that for other closo-compounds, wherein the free rotation of their o-carborane cages occurs easily at ambient temperature. Such rigidity in the structural geometry of 4FC results in ICT-based emission in solution at 298 K and enhancement of quantum efficiency and radiative decay constants compared to those for other closo-compounds. Furthermore, 4FC displays short-lived (∼0.5 ns) and long-lived (∼30 ns) PL decay components in solution at 298 K and in the film state, respectively, which can be attributed to prompt fluorescence and TADF, respectively. The calculated energy difference (ΔE ST) between the first excited singlet and triplet states of the closo-compounds demonstrate that the TADF characteristic of 4FC originates from a significantly small ΔE ST maintained by the rigid structural fixation around its S0-optimized structure. Furthermore, the strategic molecular design of the o-carborane-appended π-conjugated (D-A) system, which forms a rigid geometry due to severe intramolecular steric hindrance, can enhance the radiative efficiency for ICT-based emission and trigger the TADF nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kyun You
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee So
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University Chuncheon Gangwon 24341 Republic of Korea
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15
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Lee SH, Mun MS, Lee JH, Im S, Lee W, Hwang H, Lee KM. Impact of the Electronic Environment in Carbazole-Appended o-Carboranyl Compounds on the Intramolecular-Charge-Transfer-Based Radiative Decay Efficiency. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seok Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Mun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Im
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonchul Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
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16
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Lee SH, Lee JH, Mun MS, Yi S, Yoo E, Hwang H, Lee KM. Influence of Electronic Environment on the Radiative Efficiency of 9-Phenyl-9 H-carbazole-Based ortho-Carboranyl Luminophores. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061763. [PMID: 33801078 PMCID: PMC8003977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysical properties of closo-ortho-carboranyl-based donor–acceptor dyads are known to be affected by the electronic environment of the carborane cage but the influence of the electronic environment of the donor moiety remains unclear. Herein, four 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole-based closo-ortho-carboranyl compounds (1F, 2P, 3M, and 4T), in which an o-carborane cage was appended at the C3-position of a 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole moiety bearing various functional groups, were synthesized and fully characterized using multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the solid-state molecular structures of 1F and 4T were determined by X-ray diffraction crystallography. For all the compounds, the lowest-energy absorption band exhibited a tail extending to 350 nm, attributable to the spin-allowed π–π* transition of the 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole moiety and weak intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the o-carborane and the carbazole group. These compounds showed intense yellowish emission (λem = ~540 nm) in rigid states (in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 77 K and in films), whereas considerably weak emission was observed in THF at 298 K. Theoretical calculations on the first excited states (S1) of the compounds suggested that the strong emission bands can be assigned to the ICT transition involving the o-carborane. Furthermore, photoluminescence experiments in THF‒water mixtures demonstrated that aggregation-induced emission was responsible for the emission in rigid states. Intriguingly, the quantum yields and radiative decay constants in the film state were gradually enhanced with the increasing electron-donating ability of the substituent on the 9-phenyl group (‒F for 1F < ‒H for 2P < ‒CH3 for 3M < ‒C(CH3)3 for 4T). These features indicate that the ICT-based radiative decay process in rigid states is affected by the electronic environment of the 9-phenyl-9H-carbazole group. Consequently, the efficient ICT-based radiative decay of o-carboranyl compounds can be achieved by appending the o-carborane cage with electron-rich aromatic systems.
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17
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Deboronation-Induced Ratiometric Emission Variations of Terphenyl-Based Closo- o-Carboranyl Compounds: Applications to Fluoride-Sensing. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102413. [PMID: 32455846 PMCID: PMC7287808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Closo-o-carboranyl compounds bearing the ortho-type perfectly distorted or planar terphenyl rings (closo-DT and closo-PT, respectively) and their nido-derivatives (nido-DT and nido-PT, respectively) were synthesized and fully characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Although the emission spectra of both closo-compounds exhibited intriguing emission patterns in solution at 298 and 77 K, in the film state, closo-DT mainly exhibited a π-π* local excitation (LE)-based emission in the high-energy region, whereas closo-PT produced an intense emission in the low-energy region corresponding to an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition. In particular, the positive solvatochromic effect of closo-PT and theoretical calculation results at the first excited (S1) optimized structure of both closo-compounds strongly suggest that these dual-emissive bands at the high- and low-energy can be assigned to each π-π* LE and ICT transition. Interestingly, both the nido-compounds, nido-DT and nido-PT, exhibited the only LE-based emission in solution at 298 K due to the anionic character of the nido-o-carborane cages, which cannot cause the ICT transitions. The specific emissive features of nido-compounds indicate that the emissive color of closo-PT in solution at 298 K is completely different from that of nido-PT. As a result, the deboronation of closo-PT upon exposure to increasing concentrations of fluoride anion exhibits a dramatic ratiometric color change from orange to deep blue via turn-off of the ICT-based emission. Consequently, the color change response of the luminescence by the alternation of the intrinsic electronic transitions via deboronation as well as the structural feature of terphenyl rings indicates the potential of the developed closo-o-carboranyl compounds that exhibit the intense ICT-based emission, as naked-eye-detectable chemodosimeters for fluoride ion sensing.
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18
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Yan JF, Zhu GG, Yuan Y, Lin CX, Huang SP, Yuan YF. Carborane bridged ferrocenyl conjugated molecules: synthesis, structure, electrochemistry and photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00826e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
mono- and bis-carborane bridged ferrocenyl conjugated molecules 8–11 have been synthesized and systematically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
| | - Gai-Ge Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Xia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Feng Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University)
- Department of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou 350108
- People's Republic of China
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19
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Kim S, Lee JH, So H, Kim M, Mun MS, Hwang H, Park MH, Lee KM. Insights into the effects of substitution position on the photophysics of mono-o-carborane-substituted pyrenes. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00563k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mono-o-carborane-substituted pyrenes were prepared and apparently showed the effects of substitution position on their photophysical property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonah Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee So
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sik Mun
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Park
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Chungbuk National University
- Cheongju
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Chuncheon
- Republic of Korea
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20
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Kim S, Lee JH, So H, Ryu J, Lee J, Hwang H, Kim Y, Park MH, Lee KM. Spirobifluorene-Based o-Carboranyl Compounds: Insights into the Rotational Effect of Carborane Cages on Photoluminescence. Chemistry 2019; 26:548-557. [PMID: 31657858 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
9,9'-Spirobifluorene-based closo-o-carboranyl (SFC1 and SFC2) compounds and their nido-derivatives (nido-SFC1 and nido-SFC2) were prepared and characterized. The two closo-compounds displayed major absorption bands assignable to π-π* transitions involving the spirobifluorene group, as well as weak intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) transitions between the o-carboranes and their spirobifluorene moieties. The nido-compounds exhibited slightly blueshifted absorption bands resulting from the absence of the ICT transitions corresponding to the o-carborane moieties due to the anionic character of the nido-o-carboranes. While SFC1 exhibited only high-energy emissions in THF at 298 K (only from locally excited (LE) states assignable to π-π* transitions on the spirobifluorene group), remarkable emissions in the low-energy region were observed in the rigid state such as in THF at 77 K and in the film state. SFC2 displayed intense emissions in the low-energy region in all states. The fact that neither of the nido-derivatives of SFC1 and SFC2 exhibited low-energy emissions and the TD-DFT calculation results of each closo-compound clearly verified that the low-energy emission was based on ICT-based radiative decay. The conformational barriers from each relative energy calculation upon changing the dihedral angles around the o-carborane cages for both compounds confirmed that the rotation of the o-carborane cages and terminal phenyl rings for SFC1 is freer than that for SFC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonah Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunhee So
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Park
- Department of Chemistry Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, 24341, Republic of Korea
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21
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So H, Kim JH, Lee JH, Hwang H, An DK, Lee KM. Planarity of terphenyl rings possessing o-carborane cages: turning on intramolecular-charge-transfer-based emission. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14518-14521. [PMID: 31737876 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the relationship between planarity and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), two o-carboranyl compounds (TCB and FCB) containing different ortho-type terphenyl rings, namely, perfectly distorted or planar phenyl rings, were synthesised and fully characterised. Although the emission spectra of both compounds presented intriguing dual-emission patterns in solution at 298 or 77 K and in the film state, distorted TCB mostly showed locally excited emission, whereas planar FCB demonstrated intense emission corresponding to an ICT transition. Interestingly, the emission efficiencies and radiative decay constants of terphenyl-based o-carboranyl compounds were gradually enhanced by increasing the planarity of the terphenyl groups. These results verify the existence of a strong relationship between the planarity of appended aryl groups and ICT-based radiative decay in o-carborane-substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunhee So
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Photophysical Properties of Spirobifluorene-Based o-Carboranyl Compounds Altered by Structurally Rotating the Carborane Cages. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224135. [PMID: 31731632 PMCID: PMC6891568 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
9,9′-Spirobifluorene-based o-carboranyl compounds C1 and C2 were prepared and fully characterized by multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The solid-state structure of C1 was also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The two carboranyl compounds display major absorption bands that are assigned to π−π* transitions involving their spirobifluorene groups, as well as weak intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) transitions between the o-carboranes and their spirobifluorene groups. While C1 only exhibited high-energy emissions (λem = ca. 350 nm) in THF at 298 K due to locally excited (LE) states assignable to π−π* transitions involving the spirobifluorene group alone, a remarkable emission in the low-energy region was observed in the rigid state, such as in THF at 77 K or the film state. Furthermore, C2 displays intense dual emissive patterns in both high- and low-energy regions in all states. Electronic transitions that were calculated by time-dependent-DFT (TD-DFT) for each compound based on ground (S0) and first-excited (S1) state optimized structures clearly verify that the low-energy emissions are due to ICT-based radiative decays. Calculated energy barriers that are based on the relative energies associated with changes in the dihedral angle around the o-carborane cages in C1 and C2 clearly reveal that the o-carborane cage in C1 rotates more freely than that in C2. All of the molecular features indicate that ICT-based radiative decay is only available to the rigid state in the absence of structural fluctuations, in particular the free-rotation of the o-carborane cage.
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23
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Sánchez Vergara M, Medel V, Rios C, Salcedo R. Doping of molecular materials based on ferrocene and the study of their properties as organic semiconductors for their application in optoelectronic devices. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Nar I, Bortolussi S, Postuma I, Atsay A, Berksun E, Viola E, Ferrari C, Cansolino L, Ricciardi G, Donzello MP, Hamuryudan E. A Phthalocyanine‐
ortho
‐Carborane Conjugate for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Synthesis, Physicochemical Properties, and in vitro Tests. Chempluschem 2019; 84:345-351. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilgın Nar
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Silva Bortolussi
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità of Pavia Via Bassi 6 27100 Pavia Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Di Fisica Nucleare (INFN)Unit of Pavia Italy
| | - Ian Postuma
- Dipartimento di FisicaUniversità of Pavia Via Bassi 6 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Armağan Atsay
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ekin Berksun
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Elisa Viola
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di Roma Sapienza Piazzale A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-ChirurgicheLaboratorio di Chirurgia SperimentaleUniversità di Pavia Via Ferrata 9 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Laura Cansolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Clinico-ChirurgicheLaboratorio di Chirurgia SperimentaleUniversità di Pavia Via Ferrata 9 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Giampaolo Ricciardi
- Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari, Forestali e Ambientali (SAFE)Università della Basilicata Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10 85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Maria Pia Donzello
- Dipartimento di ChimicaUniversità di Roma Sapienza Piazzale A. Moro 5 I-00185 Roma Italy
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Department of ChemistryIstanbul Technical University 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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25
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Effect of Planarity of Aromatic Rings Appended to o-Carborane on Photophysical Properties: A Series of o-Carboranyl Compounds Based on 2-Phenylpyridine- and 2-(Benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridine. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24010201. [PMID: 30621119 PMCID: PMC6337515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigated the effect of ring planarity by fully characterizing four pyridine-based o-carboranyl compounds. o-Carborane was introduced to the C4 position of the pyridine rings of 2-phenylpyridine and 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridine (CB1 and CB2, respectively), and the compounds were subsequently borylated to obtain the corresponding C∧N-chelated compounds CB1B and CB2B. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the molecular structures of CB2 and CB2B confirmed that o-carborane is appended to the aryl moiety. In photoluminescence experiments, CB2, but not CB1, showed an intense emission, assignable to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) transition between the aryl and o-carborane moieties, in both solution and film states. On the other hand, in both solution and film states, CB1B and CB2B demonstrated a strong emission, originating from π-π * transition in the aryl groups, that tailed off to 650 nm owing to the ICT transition. All intramolecular electronic transitions in these o-carboranyl compounds were verified by theoretical calculations. These results distinctly suggest that the planarity of the aryl groups have a decisive effect on the efficiency of the radiative decay due to the ICT transition.
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26
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Jin H, Bae HJ, Kim S, Lee JH, Hwang H, Park MH, Lee KM. 2-Phenylpyridine- and 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridine-based o-carboranyl compounds: impact of the structural formation of aromatic rings on photophysical properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:1467-1476. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylpyridine and 2-(benzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)pyridine-based o-carboranyl compounds showed intriguing emission that depended on the structural formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyomin Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Gangwon 24341
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Bae
- Department of Chemistry
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34142
- Republic of Korea
| | - Seonah Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Gangwon 24341
- Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Gangwon 24341
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hyonseok Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Gangwon 24341
- Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hwan Park
- Department of Chemistry Education
- Chungbuk National University
- Chungbuk 28644
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Mun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology
- Kangwon National University
- Gangwon 24341
- Republic of Korea
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27
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Song X, Kong L, Du H, Li X, Feng H, Zhao J, Xie Y. Effects of Pyrazine Derivatives and Substituted Positions on the Photoelectric Properties and Electromemory Performance of D⁻A⁻D Series Compounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2063. [PMID: 30360424 PMCID: PMC6213557 DOI: 10.3390/ma11102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazine derivatives quinoxaline and pyridopyrazine were selected as the acceptors, and benzocarbazole was used as the donor to synthesize four different D⁻A⁻D compounds. The results showed that 2,3-bis(decyloxy)pyridine[3,4-b]pyrazine (DPP) exhibited stronger electron-withdrawing ability than that of 2,3-bis(decyloxy)quinoxaline (DPx), because DPP possesses one more nitrogen (N) atom, resulting in a red-shift of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) absorption bands and fluorescent emission spectra for compounds with DPP as the acceptor compared with those that use DPx as the acceptor. The band-gap energy (Eg) of the four D⁻A⁻D compounds were 2.82 eV, 2.70 eV, 2.48 eV, and 2.62 eV, respectively, for BPC-2DPx, BPC-3DPx, BPC-2DPP, and BPC-3DPP. The solvatochromic effect was insignificant when the four compounds were in the ground state, which became significant in an excited state. With increasing solvent polarity, a 30⁻43 nm red shift was observed in the emissive spectra of the compounds. The thermal decomposition temperatures of the four compounds between 436 and 453 °C had very high thermal stability. Resistor-type memory devices based on BPC-2DPx and BPC-2DPP were fabricated in a simple sandwich configuration, Al/BPC-2DPx/ITO or Al/BPC-2DPP/ITO. The two devices showed a binary non-volatile flash memory, with lower threshold voltages and better repeatability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Song
- College of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523100, China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Lingqian Kong
- Dongchang College, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Hongmei Du
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Hanlin Feng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Yu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistant Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.
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28
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Lin F, Yu JL, Shen Y, Zhang SQ, Spingler B, Liu J, Hong X, Duttwyler S. Palladium-Catalyzed Selective Five-Fold Cascade Arylation of the 12-Vertex Monocarborane Anion by B–H Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13798-13807. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Furong Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing-Lu Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunjun Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simon Duttwyler
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, 310027 Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Bellomo C, Chaari M, Cabrera‐González J, Blangetti M, Lombardi C, Deagostino A, Viñas C, Gaztelumendi N, Nogués C, Nuñez R, Prandi C. Carborane‐BODIPY Dyads: New Photoluminescent Materials through an Efficient Heck Coupling. Chemistry 2018; 24:15622-15630. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellomo
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Mahdi Chaari
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB 08193-Bellatera Barcelona Spain
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Matériaux et de l'Environnement Faculté des Sciences de Sfax Université de Sfax B.P. 1171 3000 Sfax Tunisie
| | - Justo Cabrera‐González
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB 08193-Bellatera Barcelona Spain
| | - Marco Blangetti
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | - Chiara Lombardi
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
| | | | - Clara Viñas
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB 08193-Bellatera Barcelona Spain
| | - Nerea Gaztelumendi
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193-Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193-Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Rosario Nuñez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC) Campus de la UAB 08193-Bellatera Barcelona Spain
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Department of Chemistry University of Turin Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Torino Italy
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30
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Nar I, Atsay A, Gümrükçü S, Karazehir T, Hamuryudan E. Low‐Symmetry Phthalocyanine Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide) Conjugate for Hydrogen Reduction. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilgın Nar
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Armağan Atsay
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Selin Gümrükçü
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tolga Karazehir
- Department of Energy System Engineering Adana Science and Technology University 01250 Saricam, Adana Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University 34469 Maslak, Istanbul Turkey
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31
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Nar I, Atsay A, Altındal A, Hamuryudan E, Koçak MB, Gül A. Ferrocenyl Phthalocyanine as Donor in Non-Poly(3-hexylthiophen-2,5-diyl) Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell. Chemistry 2018; 24:6946-6949. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilgın Nar
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Armağan Atsay
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altındal
- Department of Physics; Yıldız Technical University; 34722 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Makbule B. Koçak
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Department of Chemistry; Istanbul Technical University; 34469, Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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32
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Nar I, Atsay A, Pekbelgin Karaoğlu H, Altındal A, Hamuryudan E. π-Extended hexadeca-substituted cobalt phthalocyanine as an active layer for organic field-effect transistors. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:15017-15023. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The structural modification of the phthalocyanine skeleton with a hexadeca substitution pattern is a promising approach for the fabrication of active layers for OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgın Nar
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul Technical University
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Armağan Atsay
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul Technical University
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Hande Pekbelgin Karaoğlu
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul Technical University
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altındal
- Faculty of Science and Art
- Department of Physics
- Yıldız Technical University
- 34722 Esenler
- Turkey
| | - Esin Hamuryudan
- Faculty of Science and Letters
- Department of Chemistry
- İstanbul Technical University
- 34469 Maslak
- Turkey
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