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Rychikhina ED, Ivanova SS, Novakova V, Stuzhin PA. Silicon(IV) complexes of octaaryl-substituted porphyrazines and corrolazines: influence of macrocycle contraction on spectral-luminescence, acid-base, and redox properties. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6831-6840. [PMID: 37144418 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00319a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The template cyclomerization of the iminoimide derivatives (obtained by the treatment of diarylfumarodinitriles with NH3 in methanol containing catalytic amounts of dissolved Na) in the presence of SiCl4 in pyridine leads to silicon(IV) octaarylporphyrazine complexes ((HO)2SiPzAr8, Ar = Ph, tBuPh) as a main reaction product. In the case of phenyl-substituted derivative, the formation of a distinctive Si(IV) complex as a byproduct was observed, which according to mass-spectroscopy measurement contains the macrocycle with five diphenylpyrrolic units. The treatment of bishydroxy complexes with tripropylchlorosilane in the presence of magnesium in pyridine leads to the formation of axially siloxylated porphyrazines (Pr3SiO)2SiPzAr8, followed by the reductive contraction of the macrocycle and formation of the corresponding corrolazine complexes (Pr3SiO)SiCzAr8. It is shown that the addition of acid (trifluoroacetic acid, TFA) facilitates the detachment of one siloxy group in (Pr3SiO)2SiPzAr8 and is essential for its Pz → Cz transformation. In the presence of TFA, only one meso-nitrogen is protonated in the porphyrazine complexes (Pr3SiO)2SiPzAr8 (stability constant of the protonated form pKs1 = -0.45 for Ar = Ph; pKs1 = 0.68 for Ar = tBuPh), while two consequent protonation stages are observed for the more basic corrolazine complex (Pr3SiO)SiCzPh8 (pKs1 = 0.93, pKs2 = 0.45). Both types of Si(IV) complexes are poorly fluorescent (ΦF < 0.07). The porphyrazine complexes have low ability to generate singlet oxygen (ΦΔ < 0.15), whereas the corrolazine derivative (Pr3SiO)SiCzPh8 is a very efficient photosensitizer (ΦΔ = 0.76).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina D Rychikhina
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Svetlana S Ivanova
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel A Stuzhin
- Institute of Macroheterocycles, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, 153000 Ivanovo, Russia.
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Szawiola A, Lessard BH, Raboui H, Bender TP. Use of Piers-Rubinsztajn Chemistry to Access Unique and Challenging Silicon Phthalocyanines. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:26857-26869. [PMID: 34693107 PMCID: PMC8529611 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Axial functionalization is one mode that enables the solubility of silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs). Our group observed that the use of typical axial functionalization methodologies on reaction of Cl2SiPc with the chlorotriphenyl silane reagent unexpectedly resulted in the equal formation of triphenyl silyloxy silicon tetrabenzotriazacorrole ((3PS)-SiTbc) and the desired bis(tri-phenyl siloxy)-silicon phthalocyanine ((3PS)2-SiPc). The formation of a (3PS)-SiTbc was unexpected, and the separation of (3PS)-SiTbc and (3PS)2-SiPc was difficult. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the use of Piers-Rubinsztajn (PR) chemistry as an alternative method to functionalize the axial position of a SiPc to avoid the generation of a Tbc derivative. PR chemistry is a novel method to form a Si-O bond starting with a Si-H-based reactant and a -OH-based nucleophile enabled by tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as a catalyst. The PR chemistry was screened on several fronts on how it can be applied to SiPcs. It was found that the process needs to be run in nitrobenzene at a molar ratio and at a particular temperature. To this end, the triphenylsiloxy derivative (3PS)2-SiPc was produced and fully characterized, without the production of a Tbc derivative. In addition, we explored and outlined that the PR chemistry method can enable the formation of other SiPc derivatives that are inaccessible utilizing other established axial substitution chemistry methods such as (TM3)2-SiPc and (MDM)2-SiPc. These additional materials were also physically characterized. The main conclusion is that the PR chemistry method can be applied to SiPcs and yield several alternative derivatives and has the potential to apply to additional macrocyclic compounds for unique derivative formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjuli
M. Szawiola
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Lessard
- Department
of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hasan Raboui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Herbert DE, Nemykin VN. β‐Isoindigo‐azaDIPYs: Fully Conjugated Hybrid Systems with Broad Absorption in the Visible Region. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V. Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Liliya I. Shamova
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - David E. Herbert
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Department of Chemistry University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA
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Zatsikha YV, Shamova LI, Herbert DE, Nemykin VN. β-Isoindigo-azaDIPYs: Fully Conjugated Hybrid Systems with Broad Absorption in the Visible Region. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12304-12307. [PMID: 33567112 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A one-step synthetic pathway for the preparation of fully conjugated β-isoindigo-azaDIPY hybrid chromophores comprised of β-isoindigo and azadipyrromethene moieties is reported. The target compounds were characterized by spectroscopic, crystallographic, and theoretical methods and show unprecedented broad absorption across the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The X-ray crystal structure of the octa(n-butyl)-β-isoindigo-azaDIPY derivative revealed that a trans-configuration of the β-isoindigo fragment accompanies a planar conjugated core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy V Zatsikha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Liliya I Shamova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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Raboui H, Josey DS, Jin Y, Bender TP. Initial Engineering and Outdoor Stability Assessment of "Gray/Black" Fullerene-Free Organic Photovoltaics Based on Only Two Complementary Absorbing Materials: A Tetrabenzotriazacorrole and a Subphthalocyanine. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25264-25272. [PMID: 33043204 PMCID: PMC7542850 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Broad absorption is a desired characteristic of materials employed in the photoactive layers of organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Here, we have identified tetrabenzotriazacorroles (Tbcs) as complementary absorbing chromophores and electron donors to the promising nonfullerene acceptors boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs). These two materials, which can be utilized as donor-acceptor pairs within fullerene-free OPVs, yield spectral coverage over the entire visible range of 300-750 nm. Oxy phosphorus Tbc derivative (POTbc) was employed as an electron donor and paired initially with multiple BsubPc derivatives having a distribution of highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels in planar heterojunction OPVs. These devices were "gray/black" due to the broad absorption across the visible spectrum. Upon screening, the partially halogenated chloro hexachloro BsubPc (Cl-Cl6BsubPc) showed the greatest promise for coupling with POTbc. The thickness ratio and total thickness of the active layer were then probed in order to identify the optical and electrical limitations on the POTbc/Cl-Cl6BsubPc-based OPV device. A maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.13% was achieved at 60 nm total thickness of the active layer and 1 to 3 (POTbc to Cl-Cl6BsubPc) thickness ratio. Outdoor stability of the champion device was evaluated using protocols established by International Summits on OPV Stability and was found to be on par with an α-sexithiophene/Cl-Cl6BsubPc baseline OPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Raboui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - David S. Josey
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yin Jin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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