1
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Lewis LC, Sanabria-Gracia JA, Lee Y, Jenkins AJ, Shafaat HS. Electronic isomerism in a heterometallic nickel-iron-sulfur cluster models substrate binding and cyanide inhibition of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5916-5928. [PMID: 38665523 PMCID: PMC11040638 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The nickel-iron carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) enzyme uses a heterometallic nickel-iron-sulfur ([NiFe4S4]) cluster to catalyze the reversible interconversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO). These reactions are essential for maintaining the global carbon cycle and offer a route towards sustainable greenhouse gas conversion but have not been successfully replicated in synthetic models, in part due to a poor understanding of the natural system. Though the general protein architecture of CODH is known, the electronic structure of the active site is not well-understood, and the mechanism of catalysis remains unresolved. To better understand the CODH enzyme, we have developed a protein-based model containing a heterometallic [NiFe3S4] cluster in the Pyrococcus furiosus (Pf) ferredoxin (Fd). This model binds small molecules such as carbon monoxide and cyanide, analogous to CODH. Multiple redox- and ligand-bound states of [NiFe3S4] Fd (NiFd) have been investigated using a suite of spectroscopic techniques, including resonance Raman, Ni and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance, to resolve charge and spin delocalization across the cluster, site-specific electron density, and ligand activation. The facile movement of charge through the cluster highlights the fluidity of electron density within iron-sulfur clusters and suggests an electronic basis by which CN- inhibits the native system while the CO-bound state continues to elude isolation in CODH. The detailed characterization of isolable states that are accessible in our CODH model system provides valuable insight into unresolved enzymatic intermediates and offers design principles towards developing functional mimics of CODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke C Lewis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - José A Sanabria-Gracia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Yuri Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Adam J Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Hannah S Shafaat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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2
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Mirzaei MS, Valles A, Hernández Sánchez R. Reversible dioxygen uptake at [Cu 4] clusters. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5327-5332. [PMID: 38577358 PMCID: PMC10988628 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06390a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dioxygen binding solely through non-covalent interactions is rare. In living systems, dioxygen transport takes place via iron or copper-containing biological cofactors. Specifically, a reversible covalent interaction is established when O2 binds to the mono or polynuclear metal center. However, O2 stabilization in the absence of covalent bond formation is challenging and rarely observed. Here, we demonstrate a unique example of reversible non-covalent binding of dioxygen within the cavity of a well-defined synthetic all-Cu(i) tetracopper cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
| | - M Saeed Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Agustin Valles
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston Texas USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Ave. Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 USA
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3
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Bostelaar TM, Brown AC, Sridharan A, Suess DLM. A general method for metallocluster site-differentiation. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2023; 2:740-748. [PMID: 39055685 PMCID: PMC11271975 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of metalloclusters in applications such as catalysis and materials synthesis requires robust methods for site-differentiation: the conversion of clusters with symmetric ligand spheres to those with unsymmetrical ligand spheres. However, imparting precise patterns of site-differentiation is challenging because, compared with mononuclear complexes, the ligands bound to clusters exert limited spatial and electronic influence on one another. Here, we report a method that employs sterically encumbering ligands to bind to only a subset of a cluster's coordination sites. Specifically, we show that homoleptic, phosphine-ligated Fe-S clusters undergo ligand substitution with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give heteroleptic clusters in which the resultant clusters' site-differentiation patterns are encoded by the steric profile of the incoming NHC. This method affords access to every site-differentiation pattern for cuboidal [Fe4S4] clusters and can be extended to other cluster types, particularly in the stereoselective synthesis of site-differentiated Chevrel-type [Fe6S8] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trever M Bostelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arun Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Zars E, Gravogl L, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Meyer K, Mindiola DJ. Isostructural bridging diferrous chalcogenide cores [Fe II(μ-E)Fe II] (E = O, S, Se, Te) with decreasing antiferromagnetic coupling down the chalcogenide series. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6770-6779. [PMID: 37350823 PMCID: PMC10283490 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron compounds containing a bridging oxo or sulfido moiety are ubiquitous in biological systems, but substitution with the heavier chalcogenides selenium and tellurium, however, is much rarer, with only a few examples reported to date. Here we show that treatment of the ferrous starting material [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(OEt2)] (1-OEt2) (tBupyrpyrr2 = 3,5-tBu2-bis(pyrrolyl)pyridine) with phosphine chalcogenide reagents E = PR3 results in the neutral phosphine chalcogenide adduct series [(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe(EPR3)] (E = O, S, Se; R = Ph; E = Te; R = tBu) (1-E) without any electron transfer, whereas treatment of the anionic starting material [K]2[(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe2(μ-N2)] (2-N2) with the appropriate chalcogenide transfer source yields cleanly the isostructural ferrous bridging mono-chalcogenide ate complexes [K]2[(tBupyrpyrr2)Fe2(μ-E)] (2-E) (E = O, S, Se, and Te) having significant deviation in the Fe-E-Fe bridge from linear in the case of E = O to more acute for the heaviest chalcogenide. All bridging chalcogenide complexes were analyzed using a variety of spectroscopic techniques, including 1H NMR, UV-Vis electronic absorbtion, and 57Fe Mössbauer. The spin-state and degree of communication between the two ferrous ions were probed via SQUID magnetometry, where it was found that all iron centers were high-spin (S = 2) FeII, with magnetic exchange coupling between the FeII ions. Magnetic studies established that antiferromagnetic coupling between the ferrous ions decreases as the identity of the chalcogen is tuned from O to the heaviest congener Te.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Zars
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Lisa Gravogl
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen - Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Bavaria Germany
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen - Nürnberg (FAU) Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Bavaria Germany
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 231 S 34th St Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
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5
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Schüren AO, Ridgway BM, Di Salvo F, Carella LM, Gramm VK, Metzger E, Doctorovich F, Rentschler E, Schünemann V, Ruschewitz U, Klein A. Structural insight into halide-coordinated [Fe 4S 4X nY 4-n] 2- clusters (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1277-1290. [PMID: 36621931 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03203a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Iron sulphur halide clusters [Fe4S4Br4]2- and [Fe4S4X2Y2]2- (X, Y = Cl, Br, I) were obtained in excellent yields (77 to 78%) and purity from [Fe(CO)5], elemental sulphur, I2 and benzyltrimethylammonium (BTMA+) iodide, bromide and chloride. Single crystals of (BTMA)2[Fe4S4Br4] (1), (BTMA)2[Fe4S4Br2Cl2] (2), (BTMA)2[Fe4S4Cl2I2] (3), and (BTMA)2[Fe4S4Br2I2] (4) were isostructural to the previously reported (BTMA)2[Fe4S4I4] (5) (monoclinic, Cc). Instead of the chloride cubane cluster [Fe4S4Cl4]2-, we found the prismane-shaped cluster (BTMA)3[Fe6S6Cl6] (6) (P1̄). 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy indicates complete delocalisation with Fe2.5+ oxidation states for all iron atoms. Magnetic measurements showed small χMT values at 298 K ranging from 1.12 to 1.54 cm3 K mol-1, indicating the dominant antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. With decreasing temperature, the χMT values decreased to reach a plateau at around 100 K. From about 20 K, the values drop significantly. Fitting the data in the Heisenberg-Dirac-van Vleck (HDvV) as well as the Heisenberg Double Exchange (HDE) formalism confirmed the delocalisation and antiferromagnetic coupling assumed from Mössbauer spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas O Schüren
- Universität zu Köln, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany. .,INQUIMAE-CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Benjamin M Ridgway
- INQUIMAE-CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Di Salvo
- INQUIMAE-CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luca M Carella
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Department Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Verena K Gramm
- Universität zu Köln, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Elisa Metzger
- TU Kaiserlautern Department of Physics, 67663 Kaiserlautern, Germany
| | - Fabio Doctorovich
- INQUIMAE-CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Pabellón 2, Piso 3, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eva Rentschler
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Department Chemie, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Schünemann
- TU Kaiserlautern Department of Physics, 67663 Kaiserlautern, Germany
| | - Uwe Ruschewitz
- Universität zu Köln, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
| | - Axel Klein
- Universität zu Köln, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Department für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Greinstraße 6, D-50939 Köln, Germany.
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6
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Bogetti X, Castro E, Rahman MA, Saxena S, Hernández Sánchez R. Synthesis of Square Planar Cu
4
Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209529. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Xiaowei Bogetti
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main St. Houston TX 77005 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of Pittsburgh 219 Parkman Avenue Pittsburgh PA 15260 USA
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7
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Mitchell BS, Chirila A, Kephart JA, Boggiano AC, Krajewski SM, Rogers D, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Metal-Support Interactions in Molecular Single-Site Cluster Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18459-18469. [PMID: 36170652 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides atomistic insights into the interface between a single-site catalyst and a transition metal chalcogenide support and reveals that peak catalytic activity occurs when edge/support redox cooperativity is maximized. A molecular platform MCo6Se8(PEt3)4(L)2 (1-M, M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Zn) was designed in which the active site (M)/support (Co6Se8) interactions are interrogated by systematically probing the electronic and structural changes that occur as the identity of the metal varies. All 3d transition metal 1-M clusters display remarkable catalytic activity for coupling tosyl azide and tert-butyl isocyanide, with Mn and Co derivatives showing the fastest turnover in the series. Structural, electronic, and magnetic characterization of the clusters was performed using single crystal X-ray diffraction, 1H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electronic absorption spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and computational methods. Distinct metal/support redox regimes can be accessed in 1-M based on the energy of the edge metal's frontier orbitals with respect to those of the cluster support. As the degree of electronic interaction between the edge and the support increases, a cooperative regime is reached wherein the support can deliver electrons to the catalytic site, increasing the reactivity of key metal-nitrenoid intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrei Chirila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonathan A Kephart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Andrew C Boggiano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sebastian M Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Dylan Rogers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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8
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Osei MK, Mirzaei S, Bogetti X, Castro E, Rahman MA, Saxena S, Hernandez Sanchez R. Synthesis of Square Planar Cu4 Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manasseh Kusi Osei
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Saber Mirzaei
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Avenue 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Xiaowei Bogetti
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Edison Castro
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Sunil Saxena
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Chemistry 219 Parkman Ave 15260 Pittsburgh UNITED STATES
| | - Raul Hernandez Sanchez
- Rice University Wiess School of Natural Sciences Chemistry 6100 Main St. 77005 Houston UNITED STATES
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9
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Boncella AE, Sabo ET, Santore RM, Carter J, Whalen J, Hudspeth JD, Morrison CN. The expanding utility of iron-sulfur clusters: Their functional roles in biology, synthetic small molecules, maquettes and artificial proteins, biomimetic materials, and therapeutic strategies. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Mitchell B, Krajewski SM, Kephart JA, Rogers D, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Redox-Switchable Allosteric Effects in Molecular Clusters. JACS AU 2022; 2:92-96. [PMID: 35098225 PMCID: PMC8790731 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that allosteric effects and redox state changes can be harnessed to create a switch that selectively and reversibly regulates the coordination chemistry of a single site on the surface of a molecular cluster. This redox-switchable allostery is employed as a guiding force to assemble the molecular clusters Zn3Co6Se8L'6 (L' = Ph2PN(H)Tol, Ph = phenyl, Tol = 4-tolyl) into materials of predetermined dimensionality (1- or 2-D) and to encode them with emissive properties. This work paves the path to program the assembly and function of inorganic clusters into stimuli-responsive, atomically precise materials.
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11
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Wang CH, DeBeer S. Structure, reactivity, and spectroscopy of nitrogenase-related synthetic and biological clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8743-8761. [PMID: 34159992 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00381j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of dinitrogen (N2) is essential for its incorporation into nucleic acids and amino acids, which are vital to life on earth. Nitrogenases convert atmospheric dinitrogen to two ammonia molecules (NH3) under ambient conditions. The catalytic active sites of these enzymes (known as FeM-cofactor clusters, where M = Mo, V, Fe) are the sites of N2 binding and activation and have been a source of great interest for chemists for decades. In this review, recent studies on nitrogenase-related synthetic molecular complexes and biological clusters are discussed, with a focus on their reactivity and spectroscopic characterization. The molecular models that are discussed span from simple mononuclear iron complexes to multinuclear iron complexes and heterometallic iron complexes. In addition, recent work on the extracted biological cofactors is discussed. An emphasis is placed on how these studies have contributed towards our understanding of the electronic structure and mechanism of nitrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hao Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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12
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McSkimming A, Sridharan A, Thompson NB, Müller P, Suess DLM. An [Fe 4S 4] 3+-Alkyl Cluster Stabilized by an Expanded Scorpionate Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14314-14323. [PMID: 32692919 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alkyl-ligated iron-sulfur clusters in the [Fe4S4]3+ charge state have been proposed as short-lived intermediates in a number of enzymatic reactions. To better understand the properties of these intermediates, we have prepared and characterized the first synthetic [Fe4S4]3+-alkyl cluster. Isolation of this highly reactive species was made possible by the development of an expanded scorpionate ligand suited to the encapsulation of cuboidal clusters. Like the proposed enzymatic intermediates, this synthetic [Fe4S4]3+-alkyl cluster adopts an S = 1/2 ground state with giso > 2. Mössbauer spectroscopic studies reveal that the alkylated Fe has an unusually low isomer shift, which reflects the highly covalent Fe-C bond and the localization of Fe3+ at the alkylated site in the solid state. Paramagnetic 1H NMR studies establish that this valence localization persists in solution at physiologically relevant temperatures, an effect that has not been observed for [Fe4S4]3+ clusters outside of a protein. These findings establish the unusual electronic-structure effects imparted by the strong-field alkyl ligand and lay the foundation for understanding the electronic structures of [Fe4S4]3+-alkyl intermediates in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex McSkimming
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arun Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Niklas B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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13
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Hyun SM, Upadhyay A, Das A, Burns CP, Sung S, Beaty JD, Bhuvanesh N, Nippe M, Powers DC. Kinetic versus thermodynamic metalation enables synthesis of isostructural homo- and heterometallic trinuclear clusters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5893-5896. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02346a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-dependent metalation of a new hexadentate enables the selective synthesis of both mononuclear (i.e. kinetic product) and trinuclear (i.e. thermodynamic product) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Hyun
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | | | - Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Corey P. Burns
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Siyoung Sung
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - Jeremy D. Beaty
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | | | - Michael Nippe
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
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14
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Arnett CH, Kaiser JT, Agapie T. Remote Ligand Modifications Tune Electronic Distribution and Reactivity in Site-Differentiated, High-Spin Iron Clusters: Flipping Scaling Relationships. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15971-15982. [PMID: 31738534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of [LFe3O(RArIm)3Fe][OTf]2, the first Hammett series of a site-differentiated cluster. The cluster reduction potentials and CO stretching frequencies shift as expected on the basis of the electronic properties of the ligand: electron-donating substituents result in more reducing clusters and weaker C-O bonds. However, unusual trends in the energetics of their two sequential CO binding events with the substituent σp parameters are observed. Specifically, introduction of electron-donating substituents suppresses the first CO binding event (ΔΔH by as much as 7.9 kcal mol-1) but enhances the second (ΔΔH by as much as 1.9 kcal mol-1). X-ray crystallography, including multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and SQUID magnetometry, reveal that these substituent effects result from changes in the energetic penalty associated with electronic redistribution within the cluster, which occurs during the CO binding event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Arnett
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jens T Kaiser
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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15
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Buscagan TM, Rees DC. Rethinking the Nitrogenase Mechanism: Activating the Active Site. JOULE 2019; 3:2662-2678. [PMID: 32864580 PMCID: PMC7451245 DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metalloenzymes called nitrogenases (N2ases) harness the reactivity of transition metals to reduce N2 to NH3. Specifically, N2ases feature a multimetallic active site, called a cofactor, which binds and reduces N2. The seven Fe centers and one additional metal center (Mo, V, or Fe) that make up the cofactor are all potential substrate binding sites. Unraveling the mechanism by which the cofactor binds N2 and reduces N2 to NH3 represents a multifaceted challenge because cofactor activation is required for N2 binding and functionalization to NH3. Despite decades of fascinating contributions, the nature of N2 binding to the active site and the structure of the activated cofactor remain unknown. Herein, we discuss the challenges associated with N2 reduction and how transition metal complexes facilitate N2 functionalization by coordinating N2. We also review the activation and/or reaction mechanisms reported for small molecule catalysts and the Haber-Bosch catalyst and discuss their potential relevance to biological N2 fixation. Finally, we survey what is known about the mechanism of N2ase and highlight recent X-ray crystallographic studies supporting Fe-S bond cleavage at the active site to generate reactive Fe centers as a potential, underexplored route for cofactor activation. We propose that structural rearrangements, beyond electron and proton transfers, are key in generating the catalytically active state(s) of the cofactor. Understanding the mechanism of activation will be key to understanding N2 binding and reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trixia M. Buscagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- to whom correspondence concerning the manuscript may be addressed, , telephone: 1-626-395-8393
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16
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Progress in Synthesizing Analogues of Nitrogenase Metalloclusters for Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen to Ammonia. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) has played an essential role in meeting the increasing demand for food and the worldwide need for nitrogen (N2) fertilizer since 1913. Unfortunately, the traditional Haber–Bosch process for producing NH3 from N2 is a high energy-consumption process with approximately 1.9 metric tons of fossil CO2 being released per metric ton of NH3 produced. As a very challenging target, any ideal NH3 production process reducing fossil energy consumption and environmental pollution would be welcomed. Catalytic NH3 synthesis is an attractive and promising alternative approach. Therefore, developing efficient catalysts for synthesizing NH3 from N2 under ambient conditions would create a significant opportunity to directly provide nitrogenous fertilizers in agricultural fields as needed in a distributed manner. In this paper, the literature on alternative, available, and sustainable NH3 production processes in terms of the scientific aspects of the spatial structures of nitrogenase metalloclusters, the mechanism of reducing N2 to NH3 catalyzed by nitrogenase, the synthetic analogues of nitrogenase metalloclusters, and the opportunities for continued research are reviewed.
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Ye M, Thompson NB, Brown AC, Suess DLM. A Synthetic Model of Enzymatic [Fe 4S 4]-Alkyl Intermediates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:13330-13335. [PMID: 31373801 PMCID: PMC6748666 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Although
alkyl complexes of [Fe4S4] clusters
have been invoked as intermediates in a number of enzymatic reactions,
obtaining a detailed understanding of their reactivity patterns and
electronic structures has been difficult owing to their transient
nature. To address this challenge, we herein report the synthesis
and characterization of a 3:1 site-differentiated [Fe4S4]2+–alkyl cluster. Whereas [Fe4S4]2+ clusters typically exhibit pairwise delocalized
electronic structures in which each Fe has a formal valence of 2.5+,
Mössbauer spectroscopic and computational studies suggest that
the highly electron-releasing alkyl group partially localizes the
charge distribution within the cubane, an effect that has not been
previously observed in tetrahedrally coordinated [Fe4S4] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengshan Ye
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Niklas B Thompson
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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18
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Horwitz NE, Xie J, Filatov AS, Papoular RJ, Shepard WE, Zee DZ, Grahn MP, Gilder C, Anderson JS. Redox-Active 1D Coordination Polymers of Iron–Sulfur Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3940-3951. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noah E. Horwitz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jiaze Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Alexander S. Filatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Robert J. Papoular
- Saclay Institute for Matter and Radiation (IRAMIS), Leon Brillouin Laboratory, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - William E. Shepard
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin, BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Z. Zee
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mia P. Grahn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Chloe Gilder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - John S. Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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Zheng C, Liang M, Sun H, Ma J, Bi X, Zhao Y, Tan W, Li H. A high-nuclearity complex containing a decanuclear iron( iii)/oxo cage in a football-like structure and rare ( R-/ S)-hemiacetalate ligands in a butterfly-like format. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39965-39969. [PMID: 35541378 PMCID: PMC9076206 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07556a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A challenge in the field of high nuclearity Fe(iii)/oxo cluster chemistry remains the development of new synthetic methods to such molecules. In this work, the employment of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde (py-2-al) in high-nuclearity transition-metal cluster chemistry has provided access to an unprecedented decanuclear iron(iii) complex, [Fe10(NO3)7(O)6(OH0.5)2((S)-py-hemi)4((R)-py-hemi)4]·4H2O (1) ((R-/S)-py-hemi = (R-/S)-pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde hemiacetalate). The synthesis, beautiful structure and the physical characterization (thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, magnetic susceptibility) of complex 1 are described in this contribution. Complex 1 provides a new route to obtain high nuclearity magnetic clusters with beautiful structures. The employment of pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde in high-nuclearity cluster chemistry has provided access to a decanuclear iron(iii)/oxo cage in football-like structure and unusual (R-/S)-hemiacetalate ligands in butterfly-like format.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunying Zheng
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Liang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Haofen Sun
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Bi
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqiang Tan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering
- Qingdao University of Technology
- Qingdao
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing 100081
- People's Republic of China
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