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Wang J, Jin Y, Li M, Liu S, Lo KKW, Zhao Q. Time-Resolved Luminescent Sensing and Imaging for Enzyme Catalytic Activity Based on Responsive Probes. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200429. [PMID: 35819359 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes, as a kind of biomacromolecules, play an important role in many physiological processes and relate directly to various diseases. Developing an efficient detection method for enzyme activity is important to achieve early diagnosis of enzyme-relevant diseases and high throughput screening of potential enzyme-relevant drugs. Time-resolved luminescence assay provide a high accuracy and signal-to-noise ratios detection methods for enzyme activity, which has been widely used in high throughput screening of enzyme-relevant drugs and diagnosis of enzyme-relevant diseases. Inspired by these advantages, various responsive probes based on metal complexes and metal-free organic compounds have been developed for time-resolved bioimaging and biosensing of enzyme activity owing to their long luminescence lifetimes, high quantum yields and photostability. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed metal complex- and metal-free organic compound-based responsive probes applied to detect enzyme activity through time-resolved imaging, including their design strategies and sensing principles. Current challenges and future prospects in this rapidly growing field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Yibiao Jin
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Mingdang Li
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Advanced Materials, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- City University of Hong Kong, Department of Chemistry, Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, CHINA
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, 210023, Nanjing, CHINA
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2
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Martinon TLM, Pierre VC. Luminescent Lanthanide Probes for Inorganic and Organic Phosphates. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200495. [PMID: 35750633 PMCID: PMC9388549 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic phosphates-including orthophosphate, nucleotides, and DNA-are some of the most fundamental anions in cellular biology, regulating numerous processes of both medical and environmental significance. The characteristic long lifetimes of emitting lanthanides, including the brighter europium(III) and terbium(III), make them ideally suited for the development of molecular probes for the detection of phosphates directly in complex aqueous media. Moreover, given their high oxophilicity and the exquisite sensitivity of their quantum yields to their hydration number, those luminescent lanthanides are perfect for the detection of phosphates. Herein we discuss the principles that have guided the recent developments of molecular probes selective for inorganic or organic phosphates and how these lanthanide complexes facilitate the study of numerous biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut L M Martinon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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3
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Wang Z, Zhou X, Han J, Xie G, Liu J. DNA coated CoZn-ZIF metal-organic frameworks for fluorescent sensing guanosine triphosphate and discrimination of nucleoside triphosphates. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1207:339806. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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4
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Huang Y, Wang C, Wei Q, Song Y, Chen P, Wang L, Yang X, Chen X. A sensitive aptasensor based on rolling circle amplification and G-rich ssDNA/terbium (III) luminescence enhancement for ofloxacin detection in food. Talanta 2021; 235:122783. [PMID: 34517641 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
As the light-harvesting "antenna", G-rich oligonucleotides (such as the G-quadruplex) can interact with lanthanide (III) to bring a luminescent enhancement response. In this study, phenomenon of luminescent enhancement of G-triplex/terbium (III) (G3/Tb3+) and interaction between G3 and Tb3+ were first reported and characterized. Based on G3/Tb3+ luminescence, a label-free aptasensor for the detection of ofloxacin (OFL) residues in the food was developed. The OFL triggered the action of rolling circle amplification (RCA) allowed for the amplification product of G3-forming sequences in the single-stranded DNA, which promoted the conformational transition of the G3/Tb3+ complexes once the addition of Tb3+. Under the optimal conditions, the logarithmic correlation between the G3/Tb3+ luminescence intensity and the concentration of OFL was found to be linear in the range of 5-1000 pmol L-1 (R2 = 0.9949). The limit of detection was 0.18 pmol L-1 (3σ/slope). Additionally, the good recoveries of 90.19-108.89 % and the relative standard deviations values of 0.59-5.87 % were obtained in the application of the aptasensor detecting OFL in the practical samples. These results confirmed that the present aptasensor has a good analytical performance and bright prospect for detecting ofloxacin residues in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China; Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute, Yibin, Sichuan, 644004, China.
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Qiming Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Yaning Song
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China
| | - Xianggui Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, 610039, China; Key Laboratory of Food Non Thermal Processing, Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Non Thermal Processing, Yibin Xihua University Research Institute, Yibin, Sichuan, 644004, China.
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Bodman SE, Butler SJ. Advances in anion binding and sensing using luminescent lanthanide complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2716-2734. [PMID: 34164038 PMCID: PMC8179419 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide complexes have been actively studied as selective anion receptors for the past two decades. Ln(iii) complexes, particularly of europium(iii) and terbium(iii), offer unique photophysical properties that are very valuable for anion sensing in biological media, including long luminescence lifetimes (milliseconds) that enable time-gating methods to eliminate background autofluorescence from biomolecules, and line-like emission spectra that allow ratiometric measurements. By careful design of the organic ligand, stable Ln(iii) complexes can be devised for rapid and reversible anion binding, providing a luminescence response that is fast and sensitive, offering the high spatial resolution required for biological imaging applications. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of Ln(iii) receptors that exhibit sufficiently high anion selectivity to be utilised in biological or environmental sensing applications. We evaluate the mechanisms of anion binding and sensing, and the strategies employed to tune anion affinity and selectivity, through variations in the structure and geometry of the ligand. We highlight examples of luminescent Ln(iii) receptors that have been utilised to detect and quantify specific anions in biological media (e.g. human serum), monitor enzyme reactions in real-time, and visualise target anions with high sensitivity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Bodman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
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Qiu M, Wu D, Huang YY, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Tian Y, Guo L, Gao Y, Luo HB. Discovery of catalytic-site-fluorescent probes for tracing phosphodiesterase 5 in living cells. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31967-31971. [PMID: 35495504 PMCID: PMC9041563 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06247f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule fluorescent probes provide a powerful labelling technology to enhance our understanding of particular proteins. However, the discovery of a proper fluorescent probe for detecting PDE5 is still a challenge due to the highly conservative structure of the catalytic domain in the phosphodiesterase (PDE) families. Herein, we identified probes based on the key amino residues in the ligand binding pocket of PDE5 and catalytic-site-fluorescent probes PCO2001–PCO2003 were well designed and synthesized. Among them, PCO2003 exhibited extraordinary fluorescence properties and the ability to be applied to PDE5 visualization in live cells as well as in pulmonary tissue slices, demonstrating the location and expression level of PDE5 proteins. Overall, the environment-sensitive “turn-on” probe is economical, convenient and rapid for PDE5 imaging, implying that the catalytic-site-fluorescent probe will have a variety of future applications in pathological diagnosis as well as drug screening. To enhance the understanding of PDE5 as the drug target. Herein, we designed catalytic-site-fluorescent probes that can be applied to PDE5 visualization in live cells and tissue slices, implying the potential in diagnosis and drug screening.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Deyan Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yi-You Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yijing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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7
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Waheed A, Abdel-Azeim S, Ullah N, Oladepo SA. Design and synthesis of two new terbium and europium complex-based luminescent probes for the selective detection of zinc ions. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 35:1238-1247. [PMID: 32501608 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc plays a key role in many physiological processes and has implications for the environment. Consequently, detection of chelatable zinc ion (Zn2+ ) has attracted widespread interest from the research community. Lanthanide-based luminescent probes offer particular advantages, such as high water solubility, long luminescence lifetimes and a large Stokes' shift, over common organic dye-based fluorescent sensors. Here, we report the synthesis of terbium and europium complex-based probes, Tb-1 and Eu-1, for sensitive and selective detection of Zn2+ in water. These probes featured the incorporation of bis(2-pyridylmethyl)]amine (DPA) receptor for Zn2+ chelation and the 1,4,7-tris(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (DO3A) ring to chelate lanthanide (Ln3+ ). Tb-1 and Eu-1 displayed high selectivity for Zn2+ ions over a wide range of competing ions, with limits of detection of 0.50 ± 0.1 μM and 1.5 ± 0.01 μM, respectively. Density functional theory simulations were in good agreement with experimental observations, displaying high Zn2+ selectivity compared with most competing ions. In the competing ions experiments, the luminescence response of Tb-1 and Eu-1 was moderately quenched by some ions such as Cu2+ , this was linked to the comparable binding abilities of these ions for the receptor of the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safwat Abdel-Azeim
- Center of Integrative Petroleum Research, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences (CPG), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisar Ullah
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulayman A Oladepo
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Bazany-Rodríguez IJ, Salomón-Flores MK, Bautista-Renedo JM, González-Rivas N, Dorazco-González A. Chemosensing of Guanosine Triphosphate Based on a Fluorescent Dinuclear Zn(II)-Dipicolylamine Complex in Water. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7739-7751. [PMID: 32391691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) is a key biomarker of multiple cellular processes and human diseases. The new fluorescent dinuclear complex [Zn2(L)(S)][OTf]4, 1 (asymmetric ligand, L = 5,8-Bis{[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino] methyl}quinoline, S = solvent, and OTf = triflate anion) was synthesized and studied in-depth as a chemosensor for nucleoside polyphosphates and inorganic anions in pure water. Additions at neutral pH of nucleoside triphosphates, guanosine diphosphate, guanosine monophosphate, and pyrophosphate (PPi) to 1 quench its blue emission (λem = 410 nm) with a pronounced selectivity toward GTP over other anions, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), and cytidine triphosphate (CTP). The efficient quenching response by the addition of GTP was observed in the presence of coexisting species in blood plasma and urine with a detection limit of 9.2 μmol L-1. GTP also shows much tighter binding to the receptor 1 on a submicromolar level. On the basis of multiple spectroscopic tools (1H, 31P NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence) and DFT calculations, the binding mode is proposed through three-point recognition involving the simultaneous coordination of the N7 atom of the guanosine motif and two phosphate groups to the two Zn(II) atoms. Spectroscopic studies, MS-ESI, and DFT suggested that GTP bound to 1 in 1:1 and 2:2 models with high overall binding constants of log β1 (1:1) = 6.05 ± 0.01 and log β2 = 10.91 ± 0.03, respectively. The optical change and selectivity are attributed to the efficient binding of GTP to 1 by the combination of a strong electrostatic contribution and synergic effects of coordination bonds. Such GTP selectivity of an asymmetric metal-based receptor in water is still rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván J Bazany-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, 04510, Distrito Federal de México, México
| | - María K Salomón-Flores
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, 04510, Distrito Federal de México, México
| | - Joanatan M Bautista-Renedo
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, km 14.5 Carrera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Campus UAEMex "El Rosedal" San Cayetano-Toluca, 50200 Toluca de Lerdo, Estado de México, México
| | - Nelly González-Rivas
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, km 14.5 Carrera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Campus UAEMex "El Rosedal" San Cayetano-Toluca, 50200 Toluca de Lerdo, Estado de México, México
| | - Alejandro Dorazco-González
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria México, 04510, Distrito Federal de México, México
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9
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Winnett MR, Mini P, Grace MR, Tuck KL. Time-Resolved Terbium-Based Probe for the Detection of Zinc(II) Ions: Investigation of the Formation of a Luminescent Ternary Complex. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:118-127. [PMID: 31453684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of their unique photochemical and photophysical properties, luminescent lanthanide-based complexes have long captivated chemists. In recent years, the number of reports of luminescent lanthanide complex-based probes for monitoring of biological and environmental processes has dramatically increased, namely, because of their selectivity for particular analytes, lower limits of detection, and the fact that they allow monitoring of analytes in real time. Lanthanide-based probes need to be paired with an appropriate antenna/sensitizer to allow maximum energy transfer, with the antenna typically covalently attached to the stable lanthanide chelate. We have recently investigated "dark" lanthanide-based probes where the sensitizer is not covalently linked to the lanthanide chelate. Herein we report the use of a luminescent lanthanide-based probe system for the detection of Zn2+ ions based on the formation of a ternary complex between a "dark" terbium complex, lumazine, and Zn2+. The terbium(III)-based probe incorporates a 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-triacetic acid macrocyclic chelator covalently attached to a cyclen moiety, which is the Zn2+ ion binding group. In the presence of Zn2+ ions and lumazine (a strongly UV-absorbing sensitizer), a 1:1:1 ternary complex forms. The resulting complex is highly luminescent and selective for Zn2+ ions over other cations of environmental significance. Furthermore, with a limit of detection of 1.2 μM, this probe can detect the level of chronic zinc(II) concentrations denoted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Winnett
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Parvathy Mini
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Michael R Grace
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
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10
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Wang X, Qian C, Wang X, Li T, Guo Z. Guanine-guided time-resolved luminescence recognition of DNA modification and i-motif formation by a terbium(III)-platinum(II) complex. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 150:111841. [PMID: 31735621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific recognition of DNA modification or the formation of noncanonical structures has important applications in molecular biology, disease diagnosis, and gene expression analysis. In this study, we introduce a guanine-guided sensing tool using a terbium(III)-platinum(II) complex (TPC) as a time-resolved luminescence probe to site-specifically recognize DNA modification and i-motif formation in aqueous solution. The probe is composed of a TbIII center as the luminescent reporter and two PtII units as the receptor for guanine (G) nucleobase. TPC exhibits remarkable reaction selectivity for guanine nucleotides over other nucleotides, giving rise to a significant increase in luminescence. The luminescence enhancement of TPC is mainly attributed to an energy transfer from G base to the TbIII center after the specific coordination of PtII with N7 of guanine (N7-G), which would be facilitated by the phosphates through promoting the departure of coordinated water and bringing G closer to TbIIIvia noncovalent interactions. Based on such sensing feature, the enhanced luminescence of TPC sensitized by G nucleotides can correspondingly decrease upon N7-G modifications of DNA or i-motif formation through constructing simple guanine-guided sensing tools. This probe would provide a useful strategy for site-specific recognition of DNA for extensive purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
| | - Chengyuan Qian
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, PR China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
| | - Tuanjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China.
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Gohil H, Chatterjee S, Yadav S, Suresh E, Paital AR. An Ionophore for High Lithium Loading and Selective Capture from Brine. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:7209-7219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hardipsinh Gohil
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division & Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sobhan Chatterjee
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division & Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Sanjay Yadav
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division & Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Eringathodi Suresh
- Analytical and Environmental Science Division and Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Ranjan Paital
- Salt and Marine Chemicals Division & Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G.B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364002, Gujarat, India
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