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Vereshchuk N, Gil-Sepulcre M, Ghaderian A, Holub J, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Llobet A. Metamorphic oxygen-evolving molecular Ru and Ir catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:196-211. [PMID: 36459110 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00463a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Today sustainable and clean energy conversion strategies are based on sunlight and the use of water as a source of protons and electrons, in a similar manner as it happens in Photosystem II. To achieve this, the charge separation state induced by light has to be capable of oxidising water by 4 protons and 4 electrons and generating molecular oxygen. This oxidation occurs by the intermediacy of a catalyst capable of finding low-energy pathways via proton-coupled electron transfer steps. The high energy involved in the thermodynamics of water oxidation reaction, coupled with its mechanistic complexity, is responsible for the difficulty of discovering efficient and oxidatively robust molecules capable of achieving such a challenging task. A significant number of Ru coordination complexes have been identified as water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) and are among the best understood from a mechanistic perspective. In this review, we describe the catalytic performance of these complexes and focus our attention on the factors that influence their performance during catalysis, especially in cases where a detailed mechanistic investigation has been carried out. The collective information extracted from all the catalysts studied allows one to identify the key features that govern the complex chemistry associated with the catalytic water oxidation reaction. This includes the stability of trans-O-Ru-O groups, the change in coordination number from CN6 to CN7 at Ru high oxidation states, the ligand flexibility, the capacity to undergo intramolecular proton transfer, the bond strain, the axial ligand substitution, and supramolecular effects. Overall, combining all this information generates a coherent view of this complex chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Vereshchuk
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. .,Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - Abolfazl Ghaderian
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. .,Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jan Holub
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. .,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, CZ-16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Chen G, Chen ZW, Wang YM, He P, Liu C, Tong HX, Yi XY. Efficient Electrochemical Water Oxidation Mediated by Pyridylpyrrole-Carboxylate Ruthenium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15627-15634. [PMID: 34613720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Spurred by the rapid growth of Ru-based complexes as molecular water oxidation catalysts (WOCs), we propose novel ruthenium(II) complexes bearing pyridylpyrrole-carboxylate (H2ppc) ligands as members of the WOC family. The structure of these complexes has 4-picoline (pic)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in [Ru(ppc)(pic)2(dmso)] and pic/pic in [Ru(ppc)(pic)3] as axial ligands. Another ppc2- ligand and one pic ligand are located at the equatorial positions. [Ru(ppc)(pic)2(dmso)] behaves as a WOC as determined by electrochemical measurement and has an ultrahigh electrocatalytic current density of 8.17 mA cm-2 at 1.55 V (vs NHE) with a low onset potential of 0.352 V (vs NHE), a turnover number of 241, a turnover frequency of 203.39 s-1, and kcat of 16.34 s-1 under neutral conditions. The H2O/pic exchange of the complexes accompanied by oxidation of a ruthenium center is the initial step in the catalytic cycle. The cyclic voltametric measurements of [Ru(ppc)(pic)2(dmso)] at various scan rates, Pourbaix diagrams (plots of E vs pH), and kinetic studies suggested a water nucleophilic attack mechanism. HPO42- in a phosphate buffer solution is invoked in water oxidation as the proton acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Wen Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Mei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Piao He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Xia Tong
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Ng SM, Yiu SM, Lau TC. Catalytic water oxidation by an in situ generated ruthenium nitrosyl complex bearing a bipyridine-bis(alkoxide) ligand. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12316-12323. [PMID: 34519737 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01918j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative degradation and transformation of catalysts are commonly observed in water oxidation by molecular catalysts, especially when a highly oxidizing reagent such as (NH4)2[Ce(NO3)6] [Ce(IV)] is used. We report herein the synthesis of a ruthenium(III) complex bearing an oxidative resistant bipyridine-bis(alkoxide) ligand, [Ru(bdalk)(pic)2]+ (1, H2bdalk = 2,2'-([2,2'-bipyridine]-6,6'-diyl)bis(propan-2-ol), pic = 4-picoline) as a water oxidation catalyst (WOC). A ruthenium(II) nitrosyl complex [Ru(Hbdalk)(NO)(pic)2]2+ (3) was also formed during the water oxidation process by 1/Ce(IV), and was isolated and structurally characterized. Complex 3 was found to be an active WOC, with the nitrosyl group remaining intact during water oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.
| | - Siu-Mui Ng
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi), 20A Tsing Yi Road, Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China
| | - Shek-Man Yiu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR, P. R. China.
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Vereshchuk N, Holub J, Gil-Sepulcre M, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A. Fate of the Molecular Ru–Phosphonate Water Oxidation Catalyst under Turnover Conditions. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia Vereshchuk
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jan Holub
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Avda. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Chen G, Fan T, Liu B, Xue M, Wei JJ, Kang SR, Tong HX, Yi XY. A Ru diphosphonato complex with a metal-metal bond for water oxidation. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2018-2022. [PMID: 33554978 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04150e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Unlike [Ru2(μ-O2CCH3)4], the structurally analogous water-soluble RuII,III2 diphosphonato complex K3[Ru2(hedp)2(H2O)2] (K3·1) is only involved in stoichiometric water oxidation with a maximum 67% O2 yield under CAN/HNO3 solution (pH 1.0) for 2.5 h. The water oxidation mechanism and intermediate products were ascertained by UV-vis, ESI-MS and DFT calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Ting Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Jing-Jing Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Rui Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
| | - Hai-Xia Tong
- School of Chemistry and Food Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410114, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P. R. China.
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Timmer BJJ, Kravchenko O, Zhang B, Liu T, Sun L. Electronic Influence of the 2,2'-Bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate Ligand in Ru-Based Molecular Water Oxidation Catalysts. Inorg Chem 2020; 60:1202-1207. [PMID: 33382240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Water provides an ideal source for the production of protons and electrons required for generation of renewable fuels. Among the most-prominent electrocatalysts capable of water oxidation at low overpotentials are Ru(bda)L2-type catalysts. Although many studies were dedicated to the investigation of the influence of structural variations, the true implication of the bda backbone on catalysis remains mostly unclarified. In this work, we further investigated if electronic effects are contributing to catalysis by Ru(bda)(pic)2 or if the intrinsic catalytic activity mainly originates from the structural features of the ligand. Through introduction of pyrazines in the bda backbone, forming Ru(N1-bda)(pic)2 and Ru(N2-bda)(pic)2, electronic differences were maximized while minimizing changes in the geometry and other intermolecular interactions. Through a combination of electrochemical analysis, chemical oxygen evolution, and density functional theory calculations, we reveal that the catalytic activity is unaffected by the electronic features of the backbone and that the unique bimolecular reactivity of the Ru(bda)L2 family of catalysts thus purely depends on the spatial geometry of the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J J Timmer
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleksandr Kravchenko
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Artificial Photosynthesis for Solar Fuels, School of Science, Westlake University, 310024 Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT), 116024 Dalian, China
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7
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Farahmand Kateshali A, Gholizadeh Dogaheh S, Soleimannejad J, Blake AJ. Structural diversity and applications of Ce(III)-based coordination polymers. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yang J, Liu B, Duan L. Structural evolution of the Ru-bms complex to the real water oxidation catalyst of Ru-bda: the bite angle matters. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:4369-4375. [PMID: 32167105 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04693c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ru-Based complexes have advanced the study of molecular water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) both in catalysis and mechanism. The electronic effect has always been considered as an essential factor for the catalyst properties while less attention has been focused on the bite angle effect on water oxidation catalysis. The Ru-bda ([Ru(bda)(pic)2]; bda2- = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate; pic = 4-picoline) catalyst is one of the most active WOCs and it has a largely distorted octahedral configuration with an O-Ru-O bite angle of 123°. Herein, we replaced the carboxylate (-COO-) groups of bda2- with two methylenesulfonate (-CH2SO3-) groups and prepared a negatively charged ligand, bms2- (2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dimethanesulfonate), and the Ru-bms complex [Ru(bms)(pic)2]. The O-Ru-O bite angle changed from 123° in Ru-bda to 84° in Ru-bms, leading to a dramatic influence on the catalytic behavior. Systematic analysis of the reaction intermediates suggested that Ru-bms transformed all the way to Ru-bdavia oxidative decomposition under CeIV-driven water oxidation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lele Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
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Zhang B, Sun L. Ru-bda: Unique Molecular Water-Oxidation Catalysts with Distortion Induced Open Site and Negatively Charged Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5565-5580. [PMID: 30889353 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A water-oxidation catalyst with high intrinsic activity is the foundation for developing any type of water-splitting device. To celebrate its 10 years anniversary, in this Perspective we focus on the state-of-the-art molecular water-oxidation catalysts (MWOCs), the Ru-bda series (bda = 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarboxylate), to offer strategies for the design and synthesis of more advanced MWOCs. The O-O bond formation mechanisms, derivatives, applications, and reasons behind the outstanding catalytic activities of Ru-bda catalysts are summarized and discussed. The excellent performance of the Ru-bda catalyst is owing to its unique structural features: the distortion induced 7-coordination and the carboxylate ligands with coordination flexibility, proton-transfer function as well as small steric hindrance. Inspired by the Ru-bda catalysts, we emphasize that the introduction of negatively charged groups, such as the carboxylate group, into ligands is an effective strategy to lower the onset potential of MWOCs. Moreover, distortion of the regular configuration of a transition metal complex by ligand design to generate a wide open site as the catalytic site for binding the substrate as an extra-coordination is proposed as a new concept for the design of efficient molecular catalysts. These inspirations can be expected to play a great role in not only water-oxidation catalysis but also other small molecule activation and conversion reactions involving artificial photosynthesis, such as CO2 reduction and N2 fixation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Licheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry , KTH Royal Institute of Technology , 10044 Stockholm , Sweden.,State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Institute of Artificial Photosynthesis, DUT-KTH Joint Education and Research Center on Molecular Devices, Dalian University of Technology (DUT) , 116024 Dalian , China
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