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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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Wang ZF, Nai XL, Xu Y, Pan FH, Tang FS, Qin QP, Yang L, Zhang SH. Cell nucleus localization and high anticancer activity of quinoline-benzopyran rhodium(III) metal complexes as therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agents. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:12866-12875. [PMID: 35861361 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Four novel rhodium(III) complexes, [RhIII(QB1)Cl3(DMSO)] (RhN1), [RhIII(QB2)Cl3(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (RhN2), [RhIII(QB3)Cl3(CH3OH)]·CH3OH (RhS), and [RhIII(QB4)Cl3(DMSO)] (RhQ), bearing quinoline-benzopyran ligands (QB1-QB4) were synthesized and used to develop highly anticancer therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agents. Compared with the QB1-QB4 ligands (IC50 > 89.2 ± 1.7 μM for A549/DDP), RhN1, RhN2, RhS and RhQ exhibit selective cytotoxicity against lung carcinoma cisplatin-resistant A549/DDP (A549CDDP) cancer cells, with IC50 values in the range of 0.08-2.7 μM. The fluorescent imaging agent RhQ with the more extended planar QB4 ligand exhibited high anticancer activity in A549CDDP cells and was found in the cell nucleus fraction, whereas RhS had no fluorescence properties. RhQ and RhS may trigger cell apoptosis by causing DNA damage and initiating the mitochondrial dysfunction pathway. Furthermore, RhQ has a higher antitumor efficacy (ca. 55.3%) than RhS (46.4%) and cisplatin (CDDP, 33.1%), and RhQ demonstrated significantly lower toxicity in vivo than CDDP, making it a promising Rh(III)-based anticancer therapeutic and fluorescence imaging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China. .,College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China
| | - Xiao-Ling Nai
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Yue Xu
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Feng-Hua Pan
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Fu-Shun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China.
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Shu-Hua Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magnetochemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, P R China. .,College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, Guangdong, 525000, P R China
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Microwave assisted synthesis of rhodium(+Ⅰ) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and their cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer drugs are most likely the most successful group of bioinorganic compounds. Their apparent disadvantages have led to the development of anticancer compounds of other noble metals, resulting in several ruthenium-based drugs which have entered clinical trials on oncological patients. Besides ruthenium, numerous rhodium complexes have been recently reported as highly potent antiproliferative agents against various human cancer cells, making them potential alternatives to Pt- and Ru-based metallodrugs. In this review, half-sandwich Rh(III) complexes are overviewed. Many representatives show higher in vitro potency than and different mechanisms of action (MoA) from the conventional anticancer metallodrugs (cisplatin in most cases) or clinically studied Ru drug candidates. Furthermore, some of the reviewed Rh(III) arenyl complexes are also anticancer in vivo. Pioneer anticancer organorhodium compounds as well as the recent advances in the field are discussed properly, and adequate attention is paid to their anticancer activity, solution behaviour and various processes connected with their MoA. In summary, this work summarizes the types of compounds and the most important biological results obtained in the field of anticancer half-sandwich Rh complexes.
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Lovett JH, Harris HH. Application of X-ray absorption and X-ray fluorescence techniques to the study of metallodrug action. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:135-142. [PMID: 33548877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy are two synchrotron-based techniques frequently deployed either individually or in tandem to investigate the fates of metallodrugs and their biotransformation products in physiologically relevant sample material. These X-ray methods confer advantages over other analytical techniques in that they are nondestructive and require minimal chemical or physical manipulation of the sample before analysis, conserving both chemical and spatial information of the element(s) under investigation. In this review, we present selected examples of the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence microscopy in studies of metallodrug speciation and localisation in vivo, in cell spheroids and in intact tissues and organs, and offer recent highlights in the advances of these techniques as they pertain to research on metallodrug action.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Lovett
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Hugh H Harris
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
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Yilmaz M, Handoko AD, Parkin IP, Sankar G. Probing the electronic and geometric structures of photoactive electrodeposited Cu2O films by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Stephens LJ, Levina A, Trinh I, Blair VL, Werrett MV, Lay PA, Andrews PC. Ruthenium(II)-Arene Thiocarboxylates: Identification of a Stable Dimer Selectively Cytotoxic to Invasive Breast Cancer Cells. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1188-1200. [PMID: 31701616 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
RuII -arene complexes provide a versatile scaffold for novel anticancer drugs. Seven new RuII -arene-thiocarboxylato dimers were synthesized and characterized. Three of the complexes (2 a, b and 5) showed promising antiproliferative activities in MDA-MB-231 (human invasive breast cancer) cells, and were further tested in a panel of fifteen cancerous and noncancerous cell lines. Complex 5 showed moderate but remarkably selective activity in MDA-MB-231 cells (IC50 =39±4 μm Ru). Real-time proliferation studies showed that 5 induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells but had no effect in A549 (human lung cancer, epithelial) cells. By contrast, 2 a and b showed moderate antiproliferative activity, but no apoptosis, in either cell line. Selective cytotoxicity of 5 in aggressive, mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells over many common epithelial cancer cell lines (including noninvasive breast cancer MCF-7) makes it an attractive lead compound for the development of specifically antimetastatic Ru complexes with low systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Iman Trinh
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Victoria L Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Melissa V Werrett
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Philip C Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, 14 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Kalniņa D, Levina A, Pei A, Gross KA, Lay PA. Synthesis, characterization and in vitro anti-cancer activity of vanadium-doped nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03406d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline V(v)-doped hydroxyapatite and its reduced analogue (V(v) and V(iv) mixture) show promising in vitro cytotoxicity against cultured human bone cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daina Kalniņa
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry
- Riga Technical University
- Riga LV1658
- Latvia
- School of Chemistry
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry
- University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Alexander Pei
- School of Chemistry
- University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
- Exchange Student from Boston University
| | - Kārlis Agris Gross
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry
- Riga Technical University
- Riga LV1658
- Latvia
| | - Peter A. Lay
- School of Chemistry
- University of Sydney
- Sydney
- Australia
- Sydney Analytical
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