1
|
Dou D, Shi Q, Li H, Zhang B, Yang D, Wang Y. Rational Combination of π-Conjugated and Non-π-Conjugated Groups Achieving Strong Nonlinear Optical Response, Large Optical Anisotropy, and UV Light-Switchable Fluorescence. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401325. [PMID: 38477442 PMCID: PMC11109661 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Combining π-conjugated and non-π-conjugated groups is an important strategy for synthesizing new nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. However, the second harmonic generation (SHG) response and optical anisotropy can be limited by improper spatial alignment of these functional groups in the crystal structure. In this work, it is revealed that non-π-conjugated [NH2SO3] group acts as both hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, effectively regulating the 2D planar structure formed by π-conjugated [C4N3H6] groups. The resulting organic-inorganic hybrid crystal C4N3H6SO3NH2 exhibits a strong SHG response (2.5 × KDP), large optical anisotropy (0.233@546 nm), and blue-violet and green fluorescence near 360 and 520 nm, respectively. This work expands the methodology for creating new NLO crystals through organic-inorganic hybridization, while also showcasing the potential of C4N3H6SO3NH2 as a multifunctional optical material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Dou
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Qi Shi
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Huimin Li
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
- Institute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Daqing Yang
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| | - Ying Wang
- Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic ChemistryKey Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei ProvinceCollege of Chemistry and Materials ScienceHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
- Institute of Life Science and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaoding071002China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao X, Lin C, Luo M, Zhou Y, Ye N, Shangguan E. Cs 2Mg(H 2C 3N 3S 3) 4·8H 2O: An Excellent Birefringent Material with Giant Optical Anisotropy in π-Conjugated Trithiocyanurate. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7611-7616. [PMID: 37167341 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The design of giant birefringence was performed by adjusting cations to make parallel and compact alignments of π-conjugated (HxC3N3S3)x-3, where x = 1 and 2) groups with large polarizability anisotropy. Finally, the first mixed alkali/alkali-earth-metal trithiocyanurates, A2B(H2C3N3S3)4·nH2O (A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Mg, Sr; n = 5-8, 12), were designed and synthesized successfully. Importantly, Cs2Mg(H2C3N3S3)4·8H2O (III) and K2Sr(H2C3N3S3)4·5H2O (IV) possess large birefringences of 0.580 and 0.194 at 800 nm, respectively, of III has the largest birefringence among all practical birefringent crystals, cyanurates, and hydroisocyanurates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Min Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials, Institute of Functional Crystal, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Enbo Shangguan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Design and Recycle for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Y, Hu C, Fang Z, Mao J. Two Carboxylate-Cyanurates with Strong Optical Anisotropy and Large Band Gaps. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:2257-2265. [PMID: 36688629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The first metal carboxylate-cyanurates, namely, K(H3C3N3O3)(HCO2) (I) and Ba2(H2C3N3O3)(CH3CO2)3(H2O) (II), which contain π-conjugated carboxylate and cyanurate groups, have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods. They crystallize in centrosymmetric space groups of P1̅ and P21/n, respectively. Compound I exhibits a novel three-dimensional (3D) structure based on a [K(H3C3N3O3)]+ cationic framework with 12-membered ring (12-MR) channels, and the (HCO2)- anions are located within the 12-MR channels. The [K(H3C3N3O3)]+ cationic framework is composed of K+ ions interconnected by H3C3N3O3 ligands. Compound II features a 3D network formed by [Ba2(CH3CO2)3]+ cationic double chains bridged by (H2C3N3O3)- anions. The [Ba2(CH3CO2)3]+ cationic double chain is composed of (CH3CO2)- anions and Ba2+ ions. Optical property measurements show that both compounds exhibit short ultraviolet cutoff edges (I, 208 nm; II, 218 nm) and wide band gaps (I, 5.43 eV; II, 5.20 eV). Importantly, K(H3C3N3O3)(HCO2) (I) features a large birefringence of 0.285@532 nm due to the parallel alignment of π-conjugated H3C3N3O3 and (HCO2)- groups, indicating that K(H3C3N3O3)(HCO2) (I) is a promising short-wave ultraviolet birefringent material. Detailed theoretical calculations elucidate that their excellent optical properties originate from the synergetic effect of both types of π-conjugated groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Chunli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianggao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cheng M, Jin W, Yang Z, Pan S. Large optical anisotropy-oriented construction of a carbonate-nitrate chloride compound as a potential ultraviolet birefringent material. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13482-13488. [PMID: 36507155 PMCID: PMC9685371 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03771h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of new birefringent materials is very significant owing to their indispensable role in modulating the polarization of light and is vital in laser technology. Herein, by applying a large optical anisotropy-oriented construction induced by a synergy effect of multiple anionic groups, a promising carbonate-nitrate chloride, Na3Rb6(CO3)3(NO3)2Cl·(H2O)6, has been designed and synthesized successfully by the solvent evaporation method and single crystals of centimeter size were obtained by the recrystallization method in aqueous solution. It crystallizes in the hexagonal P63/mcm space group, the RbO9Cl polyhedra and the NaO7 polyhedra construct a three-dimensional (3D) framework by sharing O or Cl atoms and trigonal plane units (CO3 and NO3). The transmittance spectrum based on a 1 mm thick single-crystal plate shows that its short UV cut-off edge is about 231 nm. And the refractive index differences (0.14 @ 546 nm) measured by using a polarizing microscope on the (101) crystal plane, proves that Na3Rb6(CO3)3(NO3)2Cl·(H2O)6 has a large birefringence, which has potential application in the solar blind ultraviolet region. The theoretical calculations reveal that the π-conjugated CO3 and NO3 groups are the main cause of the birefringence. It demonstrates that combining π-conjugated CO3 and NO3 groups in one structure is an extremely effective strategy to explore new UV birefringent crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Cheng
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS40-1 South Beijing RoadUrumqi 830011China,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| | - Wenqi Jin
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS40-1 South Beijing RoadUrumqi 830011China,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS40-1 South Beijing RoadUrumqi 830011China,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| | - Shilie Pan
- Research Center for Crystal Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS40-1 South Beijing RoadUrumqi 830011China,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li SF, Hu L, Ma Y, Mao FF, Zheng J, Zhang XD, Yan D. Noncentrosymmetric (C 3H 7N 6) 6(H 2PO 4) 4(HPO 4)·4H 2O and Centrosymmetric (C 3H 7N 6) 2SO 4·2H 2O: Exploration of Acentric Structure by Combining Planar and Tetrahedral Motifs via Hydrogen Bonds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10182-10189. [PMID: 35708526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The combination of organic and inorganic nonlinear active units to obtain organic-inorganic hybrid materials has been proved to be a very effective method to obtain nonlinear optical (NLO) materials with excellent properties. Herein we reported two hybrid melamine-based compounds, namely, acentric (C3H7N6)6(H2PO4)4(HPO4)·4H2O (1) and centrosymmetric (C3H7N6)2SO4·2H2O (2), which were synthesized via facile solvent evaporation method. Compound 1 features a three-dimensional (3D) network structure composed of ∞[(H2PO4)4(HPO4)(H2O)4]6- layers which are further linked with ∞[(C3H7N6)6]6+ layers via hydrogen bonds. Compound 2 displays a 3D structure composed of [(C3H7N6)2(SO4)(H2O)2]∞ layers further linked with each other by hydrogen bonds. Compound 1 presents a second harmonic generation signal of about 0.1 × KDP. Furthermore, UV-vis and infrared spectra, thermal analyses, and theoretical calculation were also adopted to evaluate its NLO performance. The theoretical calculations showed that the SHG response and large birefringence of 1 were primarily caused by the (C3H7N6)+, (H2PO4)-, and (HPO4)2- groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Liang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Yao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Fei-Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.,College of Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Xiu-Du Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Dong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Y, Hu C, Fang Z, Li Y, Mao J. From Pb(H 2C 3N 3O 3)(OH) to Pb(H 2C 3N 3O 3)F: Homovalent Anion Substitution-Induced Band Gap Enlargement and Birefringence Enhancement. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:1778-1786. [PMID: 35012311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Birefringent materials capable of modulating the polarization of light have attracted intensive studies because of their wide utilization in optical communication and the laser industry. Herein, two new lead(II)-based cyanurates, namely, Pb(H2C3N3O3)X (X = OH, F), were synthesized by hydrothermal methods, and the first halogen-containing metal cyanurate Pb(H2C3N3O3)F was successfully obtained by the rational substitution of a homovalent anion. Pb(H2C3N3O3)X (X = OH, F) belong to space group P1̅, and their structures display a neutral [Pb(H2C3N3O3)X] (X = OH, F) layer. The Pb2+ ions in Pb(H2C3N3O3)(OH) are interconnected by hydroxyl groups and oxygen atoms of cyanurate anions into a 1D [PbO(OH)]- chain, whereas the Pb2+ ions in Pb(H2C3N3O3)F are interconnected by F- anions and oxygen atoms of cyanurate anions into a 2D [PbOF]- layer. The π-π interactions between adjacent hydroisocyanurate rings and the hydrogen bonds between neighboring neutral layers provide additional stability to the structures. Luminescent studies show that Pb(H2C3N3O3)(OH) and Pb(H2C3N3O3)F emit yellow-green and blue light, respectively. Theoretical calculations unveiled their birefringences of 0.079 and 0.203@1064 nm and their band gaps of 3.96 and 4.96 eV, respectively, for OH- and F- containing materials. Obviously, the substitution of OH- by F- with the largest electronegativity can simultaneously improve both the birefringence and band gap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yilin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China.,School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianggao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin Y, Hu CL, Fang Z, Chen J, Xie WJ, Chen Y, Wang JP, Mao JG. KRE(CO 3) 2 (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb): new mixed metal carbonates with strong photoluminescence and large birefringence. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01533a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three new potassium rare earth carbonates KRE(CO3)2 (RE = Eu, Gd, Tb) with strong photoluminescence and large birefringence were synthesized successfully.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chun-Li Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, Fujian, China
| | - Wei-Jie Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jian-Pu Wang
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
- Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jiang-Gao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu X, Kang L, Guo R, Lin Z. Two metal-free cyanurate crystals with a large optical birefringence resulting from the combination of π-conjugated units. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17495-17498. [PMID: 34812454 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the planar π-conjugated (HxC3N3O3)x-3 (x = 0-3) groups, cyanurate crystals have recently become a research hotspot in birefringent materials. Herein, by combining the (HxC3N3O3)x-3 (x = 0-3) group with the (CN3H6)+ cationic group, two metal-free cyanurates, GU(H2C3N3O3) (I) and GU3(H2C3N3O3)3(H3C3N3O3) (II), were obtained by the hydrothermal method. These compounds have wide band gaps (∼5 eV) and a large birefringence (∼0.40@400 nm), demonstrating their potential to be ultraviolet birefringent crystals. Moreover, first-principles calculations indicate that their large birefringence values originated from the synergistic effect of the (CN3H6)+ cations and (HxC3N3O3)x-3 (x = 0-3) groups. These findings provide a new design strategy for exploring low-cost UV birefringent crystals with a large birefringence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Kang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Ruixin Guo
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. .,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Structure-performance relationship in tri-coordinated nonlinear optical materials toward optimal second harmonic generation and phase matching. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
10
|
Wang J, Zhang X, Liang F, Hu Z, Wu Y. Co-crystal AX·(H 3C 3N 3O 3) (A = Na, Rb, Cs; X = Br, I): a series of strongly anisotropic alkali halide cyanurates with a planar structural motif and large birefringence. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11555-11561. [PMID: 34351334 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02217b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Birefringent crystals with strong anisotropy are important components in modern optical devices. The newly discovered planar π-conjugated cyanurate group (HxC3N3O3)x-3 (x = 0-3) has been demonstrated as an effective functional motif for improving birefringence in the ultraviolet region. Here, single co-crystals of alkali halide cyanurates, RbBr·(H3C3N3O3) (I), RbI·(H3C3N3O3) (II), and CsBr·(H3C3N3O3) (III) were synthesized by the ethanol solution method, and NaBr·(H3C3N3O3) (IV) was obtained via the solvent-drop grinding method. These four co-crystals feature a planar (H3C3N3O3) arrangement and exhibit wide band gaps (> 4.90 eV), tunable birefringence (Δnexp∼ 0.124-0.256), and high thermal stability (156 °C-349 °C). In addition, first principles calculations were also carried out to evaluate the relationship between molecule density, spatial arrangement and optical birefringence, and suggested a great tailoring effect of the alkali metal and halogen species on regulating the optical anisotropy of co-crystal cyanurates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Crystal Materials, Institute of Functional Crystals, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu X, Gong P, Lin Z. AZn 4(OH) 4(C 3N 3O 3) 2 (A = Mg, Zn): Two Zn-Based Cyanurate Crystals with Various Cation Coordination and Large Birefringence. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10890-10894. [PMID: 34269585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyanurate crystals have recently become a research hot spot in birefringent materials owing to the large structural and optical anisotropy of the planar π-conjugated (HxC3N3O3)x-3 (x = 0-3) groups. In this study, two new Zn-based cyanurate crystals, Zn5(OH)4(C3N3O3)2 and MgZn4(OH)4(C3N3O3)2, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. In Zn5(OH)4(C3N3O3)2, the d10 Zn2+ cations have three different coordinating environments, which has never been found in cyanurates. These compounds have wide band gaps (∼5 eV) and large birefringence (∼0.32 at 400 nm), indicating their potential as ultraviolet birefringence crystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Pifu Gong
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cyanurates consisting of intrinsic planar π-conjugated 6-membered rings: An emerging source of optical functional materials. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
13
|
Chen Y, Hu C, Fang Z, Mao J. K2Pb(H2C3N3O3)4(H2O)4: a potential UV nonlinear optical material with large birefringence. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
K2Pb(H2C3N3O3)4(H2O)4 (I) features a 2D [K2PbO8(H2O)4]12- anionic layer and reveals a moderate SHG signal of approximately 2.6 × KDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Chunli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Zhi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| | - Jianggao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou 350002
- China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Min J, Abudurusuli A, Li J, Pan S, Yang Z. Enhanced optical anisotropy via dimensional control in alkali-metal chalcogenides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:19697-19703. [PMID: 32830214 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystals with both large birefringence and wide transparent range are suitable for broad applications in the areas of optical communications, the laser industry and modulation of the light polarization requirement. In this work, to assist the design of urgently needed crystals with large birefringence in the infrared (IR) region, typical alkali-metal chalcogenides, KPSe6, Na2Ge2Se5, and Li2In2GeSe6 have been studied. They exhibit a hierarchical characteristic in the calculated birefringence by about 0.21, 0.11, and 0.04, respectively. To explore the origin of the birefringence difference, the polarizability anisotropy and the effect of electron distribution anisotropy are analyzed. The alkali-metal chalcogenides KPSe6, Na2Ge2Se5, and Li2In2GeSe6 feature infinite one-dimensional (1D) chains of [PSe6], 2D anionic framework of [Ge2Se5] layers and 3D [In2GeSe9] networks, respectively. It is found that the anionic group with low-dimensional configuration could enhance polarizability anisotropy and render large birefringence for the macroscopic structure. This provides evidence that a low-dimensionality configuration in the structure would be beneficial for the enhancement of optical anisotropy, which can motivate the exploration and design of novel IR birefringent materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingmei Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Ailijiang Abudurusuli
- CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China. and Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Shilie Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Zhihua Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, CAS, Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Electronic Information Materials and Devices, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meng X, Kang K, Liang F, Tang J, Yin W, Lin Z, Xia M. Optimal arrangement of π-conjugated anionic groups in hydro-isocyanurates leads to large optical anisotropy and second-harmonic generation effect. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Optimal arrangements of π-conjugated anions in alkaline earth metal hydro-isocyanurates with rich structures result in large birefringence and a giant nonlinear optical effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Meng
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Kaijin Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Fei Liang
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Wenlong Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Mingjun Xia
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kang K, Liang F, Meng X, Tang J, Zeng T, Xia M, Lin Z, Yin W, Bin K. K4Cu3(C3N3O3)2X (X = Cl, Br): strong anisotropic layered semiconductors containing mixed p–p and d–p conjugated π-bonds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12534-12537. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04547k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal cyanurates K4Cu3(C3N3O3)2X (X = Cl, Br) containing π-conjugated anions are synthesized in flame-sealed silica tubes and they exhibit 2D graphene-like layered structures and intriguing semiconductor behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijin Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Fei Liang
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Xianghe Meng
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Tixian Zeng
- Physics and Space Science College
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637002
- China
| | - Mingjun Xia
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wenlong Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Kang Bin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu X, Yang C, Wu Q, Sun J, Liang F. From BiF 3 to BiF 3·H 2O: diverse Bi( iii) coordination for structural transformation and birefringence regulation. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BiF3·H2O with unprecedented BiF9 building blocks was synthesized, which exhibits a near-isotropic Bi3+ coordination and inert lone pair activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei Normal University
- Huangshi 435002
- P. R. China
| | - Can Yang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei Normal University
- Huangshi 435002
- P. R. China
| | - Qi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei Normal University
- Huangshi 435002
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hubei Normal University
- Huangshi 435002
- P. R. China
| | - Fei Liang
- State key Laboratory of Crystal Materials and Institute of Crystal Materials
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250100
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meng X, Kang K, Liang F, Tang J, Lin Z, Yin W, Xia M. “Old dog, new tricks”: the lone pair effect inducing divergent optical responses in lead cyanurates containing π-bonds. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:1370-1374. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04313f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemically active lone pair effect of Pb2+ and induced narrower bandgaps were elaborated in Pb3(HC3N3O3)2(OH)2 for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Meng
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Kaijin Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Fei Liang
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Wenlong Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Mingjun Xia
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu H, Zhang B, Wang Y. Second-order nonlinear optical materials with a benzene-like conjugated π system. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:13689-13701. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05821a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This feature article highlights the strategies used to design UV/DUV NLO materials based on benzene-like π-conjugated units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongkun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Hebei University)
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071002
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis (Hebei University)
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lu J, Lian YK, Xiong L, Wu QR, Zhao M, Shi KX, Chen L, Wu LM. How To Maximize Birefringence and Nonlinearity of π-Conjugated Cyanurates. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16151-16159. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Kun Lian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Ru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meng X, Liang F, Kang K, Tang J, Zeng T, Lin Z, Xia M. Facile Growth of an Ultraviolet Hydroisocyanurate Crystal with Strong Nonlinearity and a Wide Phase-Matching Region from π-Conjugated (HC3N3O3)2– Groups. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11289-11293. [PMID: 31414800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Meng
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fei Liang
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaijin Kang
- Physics and Space Science College, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Physics and Space Science College, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Tixian Zeng
- Physics and Space Science College, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637002, China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Mingjun Xia
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Meng X, Liang F, Tang J, Kang K, Yin W, Zeng T, Kang B, Lin Z, Xia M. LiO4 tetrahedra lock the alignment of π-conjugated layers to maximize optical anisotropy in metal hydroisocyanurates. Inorg Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The “lock-in effect” of LiO4 tetrahedra contributes to the alignment of π-conjugated layers to maximize optical anisotropy in metal hydroisocyanurates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianghe Meng
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Fei Liang
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Jian Tang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Kaijin Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
- Physics and Space Science College
| | - Wenlong Yin
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Tixian Zeng
- Physics and Space Science College
- China West Normal University
- Nanchong 637002
- China
| | - Bin Kang
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- China Academy of Engineering Physics
- Mianyang 621900
- China
| | - Zheshuai Lin
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| | - Mingjun Xia
- Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development
- Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
| |
Collapse
|