1
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Fusè M, Mazzeo G, Ghidinelli S, Evidente A, Abbate S, Longhi G. Experimental and theoretical aspects of magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic circularly polarized luminescence in the UV, visible and IR ranges: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124583. [PMID: 38850611 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
A historical sketch of the MCD (magnetic circular dichroism) spectroscopy is reported in its experimental and theoretical aspects. MCPL (magnetic circularly polarized luminescence) is also considered. The main studies are presented encompassing porphyrinoid systems, aggregates and materials, as well as simple organic molecules useful for the advancement of the interpretation. The MCD of chiral systems is discussed with special attention to new studies of natural products with potential pharmaceutical valence, including Amaryllidaceae alkaloids and related isocarbostyrils. Finally, the vibrational form of MCD, called MVCD, which is recorded in the IR part of the spectrum is also discussed. A final brief note on perspectives is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fusè
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Ghidinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70185 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, c/o CSMT, Via Branze 35, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, INO-CNR, Research Unit of Brescia, c/o CSMT, Via Branze 35, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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2
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Suzuki S, Kaneta A, Santria A, Yoshida K, Oyama T, Imai Y, Akao KI, Ishikawa N. Construction of high-throughput magnetic circular dichroism measurement system and its application to research on magnetic and optical properties of phthalocyanine complexes. Chirality 2024; 36:e23648. [PMID: 38384149 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy is a powerful method for evaluating the electronic structure and magnetic and optical properties of molecules. In particular, MCD measurements have been performed on phthalocyanines and porphyrins with various central metal ions, axial ligands, and substituents to elucidate their properties. It is essential to develop a robust high-throughput technique to perform these measurements comprehensively and efficiently. However, MCD spectroscopy requires very high optical quality for each component of the instrument, and even slight cell distortions can impair the baseline flatness. Consequently, when versatility and data quality are important, an optical system designed for a microplate reader is not suitable for the MCD spectrometer. Therefore, in this study, we develop a new magnetic flow-through cell and combine it with an existing CD spectrometer and autosampler to construct a high-throughput system. The effectiveness and performance of this new system are then evaluated. In addition, based on the MCD and absorption spectra of various phthalocyanine complexes, the effects of substituents and solvents on their magnetic and optical properties and the causes of these effects are discussed. The results demonstrate that this system is effective for the evaluation of the physicochemical properties of various phthalocyanine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Anas Santria
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), South Tangerang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Yoshitane Imai
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Naoto Ishikawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Kohn J, Bursch M, Hansen A, Grimme S. Computational study of ground-state properties of μ 2 -bridged group 14 porphyrinic sandwich complexes. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:229-239. [PMID: 35470911 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The structural properties of μ2 -bridged porphyrinic double-decker complexes are investigated and the influence of various ligands, metals, substituents, and bridging atoms on the dominant structural motif is elucidated. A variety of quantum chemical methods including semiempirical (SQM) methods and density functional theory (DFT) is assessed for the calculation of ecliptic and staggered conformational energies. Local coupled cluster (DLPNO-CCSD(T1)) data are generated for reference. The r2 SCAN-3c composite scheme as well as the B2PLYP-D4/def2-QZVPP approach are identified as reliable methods. Energy decomposition analyses (EDA) and localized molecular orbital analyses (LMO) are used to investigate the bonding situation and the nature of the inter-ligand interaction energy underlining the crucial role of attractive London dispersion interactions. Targeted modification of the bridging atom, e.g., by replacing O2- by S2- is shown to drastically change the major structural features of the investigated complexes. Further, the influence of different substituents of varying size at the phthalocyanine ligand regarding the dominant conformation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kohn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Andreas Hansen
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Schrage BR, Zhou W, Harrison LA, Nevonen DE, Thompson JR, Prosser KE, Walsby CJ, Ziegler CJ, Leznoff DB, Nemykin VN. Resolving a Half-Century-Long Controversy between (Magneto)optical and EPR Spectra of Single-Electron-Reduced [PcFe] −, [PcFeL] −, and [PcFeX] 2– Complexes: Story of a Double Flip. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20177-20199. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Briana R. Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Laurel A. Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - Dustin E. Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
| | - John R. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Kathleen E. Prosser
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Charles J. Walsby
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | | | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Victor N. Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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5
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Okawa Y, Endo K, Hakamata Y, Watanabe S, Yokoyama A, Sugimori T, Takagi HD, Inamo M. Thermal and photoinduced electron transfer reactions of phthalocyanine complexes of Zn(II) and Cu(II) in acetonitrile. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15393-15402. [PMID: 36155701 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02498e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phthalocyanine that has four peripheral 2-methoxyphenyl substituents at the α-position and its Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes were synthesized. Chemical oxidation by the Cu(II) ion and electrochemical oxidation of these metal complexes were investigated spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile. The UV-visible absorption spectra of these metal complexes and their one-electron oxidized π-cation radicals showed no concentration dependence, indicating that these species exist as monomers in solution. Kinetics of the thermal electron transfer reaction from each phthalocyanine complex to Cu2+ and the photoinduced electron transfer reaction of the Zn(II) phthalocyanine complex with V(V) and V(IV) Schiff base complexes were studied using conventional spectrophotometric and transient absorption techniques, and the electron transfer rate constants were analysed using the Marcus cross relationship. The obtained rate constants of the electron self-exchange reaction between the parent phthalocyanine complexes and their π-cation radicals were in the order of 109 to 1011 M-1 s-1 at T = 298.2 K. These large electron self-exchange rate constants are consistent with the phthalocyanine-centred redox reactions where small reorganization energies are required with little structural change during the electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Okawa
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
| | - Kousuke Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
| | - Yukihiko Hakamata
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
| | - Shingo Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
| | - Aika Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
| | - Tamotsu Sugimori
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo D Takagi
- Research Centre for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masahiko Inamo
- Department of Chemistry, Aichi University of Education, Kariya 448-8542, Japan.
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6
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Shokurov AV, Yagodin AV, Martynov AG, Gorbunova YG, Tsivadze AY, Selektor SL. Octopus-Type Crown-Bisphthalocyaninate Anchor for Bottom-Up Assembly of Supramolecular Bilayers with Expanded Redox-Switching Capability. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104306. [PMID: 34655166 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Achievement of information storage at molecular level remains a pressing task in miniaturization of computing technology. One of the promising approaches for its practical realization is development of nanoscale molecular switching materials including redox-active systems. The present work demonstrates a concept of expansion of a number of available redox-states of self-assembled monolayers through supramolecular approach. For this, the authors synthesized an octopus-like heteroleptic terbium(III) bisphthalocyaninate bearing one ligand with eight thioacetate-terminated "tentacles" (octopus-Pc) and a ligand with four crown-ether moieties (H2 [(15C5)4 Pc]). It is shown that octopus-Pc forms stable monolayers on gold, where its face-on orientation allows for subsequent binding of crown-phthalocyanine molecules via potassium ion bridges. This chemistry is utilized to form a heterogeneous bilayer, in which a single molecule thick adlayer brings an additional redox-state to the system, thus expanding the multistability of the system as a whole. All four redox states available to this system exhibit characteristic absorbance in visible range, allowing for the switching to be easily read out using optical density measurements. The proposed approach can be used in wide range of switchable materials-single-molecule magnets, conductive, and optical devices, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Shokurov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexey V Yagodin
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander G Martynov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Yulia G Gorbunova
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Aslan Yu Tsivadze
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sofiya L Selektor
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 31-4, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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7
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Nemykin VN, Nevonen DE, Osterloh WR, Ferch LS, Harrison LA, Marx BS, Kadish KM. Application of Lever's EL Parameter Scale toward Fe(II)/Fe(III) versus Pc(2-)/Pc(1-) Oxidation Process Crossover Point in Axially Coordinated Iron(II) Phthalocyanine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16626-16644. [PMID: 34644056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and, particularly, the nature of the HOMO in a series of PcFeL2, PcFeL'L″, and [PcFeX2]2- complexes (Pc = phthalocyaninato(2-) ligand; L = NH3, n-BuNH2, imidazole (Im), pyridine (Py), PMe3, PBu3, t-BuNC, P(OBu)3, and DMSO; L' = CO; L″ = NH3 or n-BuNH2; X = NCO-, NCS-, CN-, imidazolate (Im-), or 1,2,4-triazolate(Tz-)) were probed by electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation as well as theoretical (density functional theory, DFT) studies. In general, energies of the metal-centered occupied orbitals in various six-coordinate iron phthalocyanine complexes correlate well with Lever Electrochemical Parameter EL and intercross the phthalocyanine-centered a1u orbital in several compounds with moderate-to-strong π-accepting axial ligands. In these cases, an oxidation of the phthalocyanine macrocycle (Pc(2-)/Pc(1-)) rather than the central metal ion (Fe(II)/Fe(III)) was theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Nemykin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Dustin E Nevonen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - W Ryan Osterloh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Laura S Ferch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Laurel A Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Benjamin S Marx
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Karl M Kadish
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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8
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McKearney D, Roberts RJ, Mitchell D, Cheung JCF, Williams VE, Leznoff DB. Preferential Formation of Side‐Pocket‐Substituted Zinc Phthalocyanines Emitting Beyond 800 nm. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Declan McKearney
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Ryan J. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Devon Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. F. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Vance E. Williams
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Daniel B. Leznoff
- Department of Chemistry Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby British Columbia V5A 1S6 Canada
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9
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An in situ spectroelectrochemical study of the dimeric phthalocyanines [(SiPc)2O][OSiHx3]2, [(SiPc)2O][OSiHx3]2+, and [(SiPc)2O][OSiHx3]22+. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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10
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Ghidinelli S, Abbate S, Santoro E, Belviso S, Longhi G. Characterization of "Free Base" and Metal Complex Thioalkyl Porphyrazines by Magnetic Circular Dichroism and TDDFT Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:264-280. [PMID: 33351631 PMCID: PMC8016196 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
UV–vis
absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD)
spectra of octakis thioethyl “free base” porphyrazine
H2OESPz and its metal complexes MOESPz (M = Mg, Zn, Ni,
Pd, Cu), as well as of [MnOESPz(SH)] were recorded. In the last case,
MCD proved to have quite good sensitivity to the coordination of this
complex with 1-methylimidazole (1-mim) in benzene. Time-dependent
density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were carried out for
the considered porphyrazine complexes and showed good performance
on comparing with MCD and UV–vis experimental spectra, even
in the open-shell Cu and Mn cases. Calculations accounted for the
red shift observed in the thioalkyl compounds and allowed us to reveal
the role of sulfur atoms in spectroscopically relevant molecular orbitals
and to highlight the importance of the conformations of the thioethyl
external groups. Calculated MCD spectra of [MnOESPz(SH)] confirm the
Mn(III) → Mn(II) redox process, which leads to the [Mn(OESPz)(1-mim)2] species, and the relevance of the spin state for MCD is
revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ghidinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.,Research Unit of Brescia, CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), c/o CSMT, via Branze 45, 25123 Brecia, Italy
| | - Ernesto Santoro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Sandra Belviso
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.,Research Unit of Brescia, CNR, Istituto Nazionale di Ottica (INO), c/o CSMT, via Branze 45, 25123 Brecia, Italy
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11
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Tyulyaeva EY. Reaction chemistry of noble metal porphyrins in solutions as a foundation for practical applications. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Ghidinelli S, Abbate S, Mazzeo G, Paoloni L, Viola E, Ercolani C, Donzello MP, Longhi G. Characterization of tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazine metal complexes by magnetic circular dichroism and magnetic circularly polarized luminescence. Chirality 2020; 32:808-816. [PMID: 32189418 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra of metal complexes of tetrakis(thiadiazole)porphyrazines ([TTDPzM] with M = 2HI , ZnII , MgII (H2 O), and CdII ) have been recorded in dimethyl formamide solution. Together with the UV-Vis spectra, the MCD spectra provide useful information about the structure and electronic properties of the complexes. The experimental UV-Vis and MCD spectra compare pretty well with DFT calculations of two sorts, based either on the sum-over-states (SOS) approach or on the complex polarization propagator approach. They further corroborate the findings and interpretation of MCD spectra of porphyrazines based on the model of Michl for peripheral molecular orbitals. Magnetic circularly polarized luminescence (MCPL) spectra, quite uncommon in the literature, have been recorded for [TTDPzM] (M = 2HI , ZnII , MgII (H2 O)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ghidinelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sergio Abbate
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Brescia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-I.N.O. c/o CSMT, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mazzeo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Viola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Ercolani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanna Longhi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Brescia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-I.N.O. c/o CSMT, Brescia, Italy
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