1
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Miller H, Wallace JQ, Li H, Li XZ, de Bettencourt-Dias A, Kievit FM. Sensitization of Europium Oxide Nanoparticles Enhances Signal-to-Noise over Autofluorescence with Time-Gated Luminescence Detection. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31093-31104. [PMID: 39035920 PMCID: PMC11256319 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Clinical translation of nanoparticle-based therapeutics has been limited, and a lack of preclinical delivery characterization is partly to blame, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms of failure. The improvement of the preclinical delivery assessment requires nanoparticles with higher detectability. This work focused on the exploration of several aromatic carboxylic ligands (terephthalic acid, quinaldic acid, and kynurenic acid) for the sensitization of europium oxide nanoparticles with a long emission lifetime to overcome cellular autofluorescence, a key confounder of detection in luminescence-based bioimaging. A facile one-pot synthesis and ligand exchange process generated and sensitized ultrasmall Eu2O3 cores. As reflected in the emission spectra and lifetimes, ligand binding yielded unique coordination environments around Eu3+. Then, the efficacy of sensitization was tested against the autofluorescence provided by tissue lysate. Normal (simultaneous excite-read) measurements showed integrated signal improvements over autofluorescence of 2.2-, 3.9-, and 14.0-fold for EuTA, EuQA, and EuKA, respectively. In time-gated mode, the improvements over autofluorescence were more dramatic with fold differences of 75-, 89-, and 108-fold for EuTA, EuQA, and EuKA, respectively. The investigation of novel sensitizers expands the breadth of the field of sensitized lanthanide oxide nanoparticles, and the signal enhancement observed with sensitization and time-gating supports the utility of the generated samples for future bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter
A. Miller
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States
| | - Jessica Q. Wallace
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Hui Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Xing-Zhong Li
- Nebraska
Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | | | - Forrest M. Kievit
- Department
of Biological Systems Engineering, University
of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583, United States
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2
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O'Neil AT, Chalard A, Malmström J, Kitchen JA. White light and colour-tunable emission from a single component europium-1,8-naphthalimide thin film. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2255-2261. [PMID: 36757868 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03644d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and fabrication of spin coated films of a new Eu3+ complex [Eu(1)3] derived from the 1,8-naphthalimide containing ligand 1H is presented. The complex is multi-emissive displaying blue emission from the 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore and red emission from the Eu3+ centre in both solution-state and solid-state. This allows the overall emission to be tuned by changing the excitaton wavelength, where varing degrees of red and blue emission intensity alter the overall emission colour from blue, to red and including white-light emission. The complex was spin-coated onto quartz slides giving 134 nm thick coatings that retained the multi-emissive and colour tunable properties. Overall, resulting in a colour-tunable system which in solution, solid, and thin film states can alter the overall colour from deep red to dark blue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex T O'Neil
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Anaïs Chalard
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan A Kitchen
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. .,The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
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3
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Kitagawa Y, Nakai T, Hosoya S, Shoji S, Hasegawa Y. Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes for Effective Oxygen-Sensing and Singlet Oxygen Generation. Chempluschem 2023:e202200445. [PMID: 36756816 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen quantification using luminescence has attracted considerable attention in various fields, including environmental monitoring and clinical analysis. Among the reported luminophores, trivalent lanthanide complexes have displayed characteristic narrow emission bands with high brightness. This bright emission is based on photo-sensitized energy transfer via organic triplet states. The organic triplet states in lanthanide complexes effectively react with the triplet oxygen, enabling oxygen quantification by lanthanide luminescence. Some TbIII and EuIII complexes with slow deactivation processes have also formed the excited state equilibrium, thus resulting in the emission-lifetime based oxygen sensing property. The combination of TbIII /EuIII emission, EuIII /SmIII emission, EuIII /ligand phosphorescence, and ligand fluorescence/ligand phosphorescence provide the ratiometric oxygen-sensing properties. Moreover, the reaction generates singlet oxygen species which exhibit numerous applications in the photo-medical field. The ligands with large π-conjugated aromatic systems, such as porphyrin, phthalocyanine, and polyaromatic compounds, induces highly efficient oxygen generation. The combination of effective luminescence with singlet-oxygen generation by the lanthanide complexes render them suitable for photo-driven theranostics. This review summarizes the research progress of lanthanide complexes with efficient oxygen-sensing and singlet-oxygen generation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takuma Nakai
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Shota Hosoya
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Sunao Shoji
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Hasegawa
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
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4
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Wu S, Galán LA, Roux M, Riobé F, Le Guennic B, Guyot Y, Le Bahers T, Micouin L, Maury O, Benedetti E. Tuning Excited-State Properties of [2.2]Paracyclophane-Based Antennas to Ensure Efficient Sensitization of Lanthanide Ions or Singlet Oxygen Generation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16194-16203. [PMID: 34637309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The multistep synthesis of original antennas incorporating substituted [2.2]paracyclophane (pCp) moieties in the π-conjugated skeleton is described. These antennas, functionalized with an electron donor alkoxy fragment (A1) or with a fused coumarin derivative (A2), are incorporated in a triazacyclonane macrocyclic ligand L1 or L2, respectively, for the design of Eu(III), Yb(III), and Gd(III) complexes. A combined photophysical/theoretical study reveals that A1 presents a charge transfer character via through-space paracyclophane conjugation, whereas A2 presents only local excited states centered on the coumarin-paracyclophane moiety, strongly favoring triplet state population via intersystem crossing. The resulting complexes EuL1 and YbL2 are fully emissive in red and near-infrared, respectively, whereas the GdL2 complex acts as a photosensitizer for the generation of singlet oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Wu
- Univ Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Laura Abad Galán
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Margaux Roux
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - François Riobé
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Boris Le Guennic
- Univ Rennes, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), CNRS UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yannick Guyot
- Univ Lyon, Institut Lumière Matière, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5306, 10 Rue Ada Byron, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Tangui Le Bahers
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Laurent Micouin
- Univ Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Maury
- Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, Lyon F-69342, France
| | - Erica Benedetti
- Univ Paris, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CNRS UMR 8601, 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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5
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O’Neil AT, Zhang N, Harrison JA, Goldup SM, Kitchen JA. Synthesis, photophysical and assembly studies of novel luminescent lanthanide(III) complexes of 1,2,3-triazolyl-pyridine-2,6-dicarboxamide-based ligands. Supramol Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2021.1955120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex T. O’Neil
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, NZ, New Zealand
| | - Ningjin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - John A. Harrison
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, NZ, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M. Goldup
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan A. Kitchen
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, NZ, New Zealand
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6
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Rout Y, Montanari C, Pasciucco E, Misra R, Carlotti B. Tuning the Fluorescence and the Intramolecular Charge Transfer of Phenothiazine Dipolar and Quadrupolar Derivatives by Oxygen Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9933-9943. [PMID: 34161725 PMCID: PMC8297855 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A series of new naphthalimide and phenothiazine-based push-pull systems (NPI-PTZ1-5), in which we structurally modulate the oxidation state of the sulfur atom in the thiazine ring, i.e., S(II), S(IV), and S(VI), was designed and synthesized by the Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The effect of the sulfur oxidation state on the spectral, photophysical, and electrochemical properties was investigated. The steady-state absorption and emission results show that oxygen functionalization greatly improves the optical (absorption coefficient and fluorescence efficiency) and nonlinear optical (hyperpolarizability) features. The cyclic voltammetry experiments and the quantum mechanical calculations suggest that phenothiazine is a stronger electron donor unit relative to phenothiazine-5-oxide and phenothiazine-5,5-dioxide, while the naphthalimide is a strong electron acceptor in all cases. The advanced ultrafast spectroscopic measurements, transient absorption, and broadband fluorescence up conversion give insight into the mechanism of photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer. A planar intramolecular charge transfer (PICT) and highly fluorescent excited state are populated for the oxygen-functionalized molecules NPI-PTZ2,3 and NPI-PTZ5; on the other hand, a twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) state is produced upon photoexcitation of the oxygen-free derivatives NPI-PTZ1 and NPI-PTZ4, with the fluorescence being thus significantly quenched. These results prove oxygen functionalization as a new effective synthetic strategy to tailor the photophysics of phenothiazine-based organic materials for different optoelectronic applications. While oxygen-functionalized compounds are highly fluorescent and promising active materials for current-to-light conversion in organic light-emitting diode devices, oxygen-free systems show very efficient photoinduced ICT and may be employed for light-to-current conversion in organic photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogajivan Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Chiara Montanari
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Erika Pasciucco
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore 453552, India
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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7
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Rodrigues CV, Johnson KR, Lombardi VC, Rodrigues MO, Sobrinho JA, de Bettencourt-Dias A. Photocytotoxicity of Thiophene- and Bithiophene-Dipicolinato Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes. J Med Chem 2021; 64:7724-7734. [PMID: 34018753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New thiophene-dipicolinato-based compounds, K2nTdpa (n = 1, 2), were isolated. Their anions are sensitizers of lanthanide ion (LnIII) luminescence and singlet oxygen generation (1O2). Emission in the visible and near-infrared regions was observed for the LnIII complexes with efficiencies (ϕLn) ϕEu = 33% and ϕYb = 0.31% for 1Tdpa2- and ϕYb = 0.07% for 2Tdpa2-. The latter does not sensitize EuIII emission. Fluorescence imaging of HeLa live cells incubated with K3[Eu(1Tdpa)3] indicates that the complex permeates the cell membrane and localizes in the mitochondria. All complexes generate 1O2 in solution with efficiencies (ϕO12) as high as 13 and 23% for the GdIII complexes of 1Tdpa2- and 2Tdpa2-, respectively. [Ln(nTdpa)3]3- (n = 1, 2) are phototoxic to HeLa cells when irradiated with UV light with IC50 values as low as 4.2 μM for [Gd(2Tdpa)3]3- and 91.8 μM for [Eu(1Tdpa)3]3-. Flow cytometric analyses indicate both apoptotic and necrotic cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carime V Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States.,Laboratório de Inorgânica e Materiais, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900 DF, Brazil
| | - Katherine R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Vincent C Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Marcelo O Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Inorgânica e Materiais, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasilia 70910-900 DF, Brazil
| | - Josiane A Sobrinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
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8
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Li M, Wang C, Wang D, Li J. Structure-Dependent Photoluminescence of Europium(III) Coordination Oligomeric Silsesquioxane: Synthesis and Mechanism. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:227-238. [PMID: 33458475 PMCID: PMC7807471 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The coordination environment of Eu3+ is a crucial factor in the optical performance of the complex. Herein, a new kind of oligomeric silsesquioxane was employed to improve the coordination environment of central ions, the luminescence intensity of which was greatly enhanced with an efficient emission peak at 619 nm. More importantly, the photoluminescent properties of the product will be altered because of the formation of the Si-O-Si structure. The relevant mechanism has also been investigated and proposed by a series of characterization analyses. Additionally, the fluorescence lifetime, intrinsic quantum yield, and energy transfer efficiency were calculated. In addition, the observed trend of Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters was used to justify the coordination environment of Eu3+ ions. The experimental results reveal that the sol-gel reaction of the ligands can effectively promote intramolecular energy transfer. In addition, we introduced four theory modules of ligands (LSi, LSi-1, LSi-2, and LSi-3) with certain rules of formation of Si-O-Si, and density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) were used to explore their excited electron transfer process and their electronic absorption spectra, combined with Marcus theory. The calculated results show that the sol-gel reaction will induce the separation of the distribution of excited holes and electrons, leading to an efficient charge-transfer (CT) process. The predictable results were in good accordance with the experimental findings. Consequently, the sol-gel reaction occurring among ligands will be attributed to an efficient CT process, leading to a strong luminescence intensity, as observed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry
of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
- Material
Science and Engineering College Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Chengyu Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry
of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry
of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
| | - Jian Li
- Key
Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry
of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Hexing Road 26, Harbin 150040, P. R. China
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9
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Azido- and amino-substituted dipicolinates for the sensitization of the luminescent lanthanides EuIII and TbIII. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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10
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Abad Galán L, Hamon N, Nguyen C, Molnár E, Kiss J, Mendy J, Hadj-Kaddour K, Onofre M, Trencsényi G, Monnereau C, Beyler M, Tircsó G, Gary-Bobo M, Maury O, Tripier R. Design of polyazamacrocyclic Gd3+ theranostic agents combining magnetic resonance imaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi01519a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
New “all-in-one” theranostic systems, combining a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent with a biphotonic photodynamic therapy photosensitiser generating cytotoxic singlet oxygen, were successfully developed and characterized.
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11
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Johnson KR, Lombardi VC, Bettencourt‐Dias A. Photocytotoxicity of Oligothienyl‐Functionalized Chelates That Sensitize LnIIILuminescence and Generate1O2. Chemistry 2020; 26:12060-12066. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent C. Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Nevada, Reno Reno NV 89557 USA
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12
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Johnson KR, Vittardi SB, Gracia‐Nava MA, Rack JJ, Bettencourt‐Dias A. Wavelength‐Dependent Singlet Oxygen Generation in Luminescent Lanthanide Complexes with a Pyridine‐Bis(Carboxamide)‐Terthiophene Sensitizer. Chemistry 2020; 26:7274-7280. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian B. Vittardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
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13
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Johnson KR, Vittardi SB, Gracia-Nava MA, Rack JJ, de Bettencourt-Dias A. Luminescent lanthanide complexes with a pyridine-bis(carboxamide)-bithiophene sensitizer showing wavelength-dependent singlet oxygen generation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:6661-6667. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A new pyridine-bis(carboxamide)-based ligand with a bithiophene pendant, 2Tcbx, was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeffrey J. Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University of New Mexico
- Albuquerque
- USA
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