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Ioannidis I, Lefkaritis G, Georgiades SN, Pashalidis I, Kontoghiorghes GJ. Towards Clinical Development of Scandium Radioisotope Complexes for Use in Nuclear Medicine: Encouraging Prospects with the Chelator 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic Acid (DOTA) and Its Analogues. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5954. [PMID: 38892142 PMCID: PMC11173192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Scandium (Sc) isotopes have recently attracted significant attention in the search for new radionuclides with potential uses in personalized medicine, especially in the treatment of specific cancer patient categories. In particular, Sc-43 and Sc-44, as positron emitters with a satisfactory half-life (3.9 and 4.0 h, respectively), are ideal for cancer diagnosis via Positron Emission Tomography (PET). On the other hand, Sc-47, as an emitter of beta particles and low gamma radiation, may be used as a therapeutic radionuclide, which also allows Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) imaging. As these scandium isotopes follow the same biological pathway and chemical reactivity, they appear to fit perfectly into the "theranostic pair" concept. A step-by-step description, initiating from the moment of scandium isotope production and leading up to their preclinical and clinical trial applications, is presented. Recent developments related to the nuclear reactions selected and employed to produce the radionuclides Sc-43, Sc-44, and Sc-47, the chemical processing of these isotopes and the main target recovery methods are also included. Furthermore, the radiolabeling of the leading chelator, 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), and its structural analogues with scandium is also discussed and the advantages and disadvantages of scandium complexation are evaluated. Finally, a review of the preclinical studies and clinical trials involving scandium, as well as future challenges for its clinical uses and applications, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Ioannidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - George Lefkaritis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Savvas N. Georgiades
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - Ioannis Pashalidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus; (I.I.); (G.L.); (S.N.G.); (I.P.)
| | - George J. Kontoghiorghes
- Postgraduate Research Institute of Science, Technology, Environment and Medicine, 3021 Limassol, Cyprus
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2
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Whetter JN, Śmiłowicz D, Boros E. Exploring Aqueous Coordination Chemistry of Highly Lewis Acidic Metals with Emerging Isotopes for Nuclear Medicine. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:933-944. [PMID: 38501206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear medicine harnesses radioisotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. While the isotopes 99mTc and 111In have enabled the clinical diagnosis of millions of patients over the past 3 decades, more recent clinical translation of numerous 68Ga/177Lu-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic imaging and therapy underscores the clinical utility of metal-based radiopharmaceuticals in mainstream cancer treatment. In addition to such established radionuclides, advancements in radioisotope production have enabled the production of radionuclides with a broad range of half-lives and emission properties of interest for nuclear medicine. Chemical means to form kinetically inert, in vivo-compatible species that can be modified with disease-targeting vectors is imperative. This presents a challenge for radiosiotopes of elements where the aqueous chemistry is still underdeveloped and poorly understood. Here, we discuss our efforts to date in exploring the aqueous, radioactive coordination chemistry of highly Lewis acidic metal ions and how our discoveries apply to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in preclinical models of disease. The scope of this Account includes approaches to aqueous coordination of to-date understudied highly Lewis acidic metal ions with radioisotopes of emerging interest and the modulation of well-understood coordination environments of radio-coordination complexes to induce metal-catalyzed reactivity for separation and pro-drug applications.First, we discuss the development of seven-coordinate, small-cavity macrocyclic chelator platform mpatcn/picaga as an exemplary case study, which forms robust complexes with 44Sc/47Sc isotopes. Due to the high chemical hardness and pronounced Lewis acidity of the Sc3+ ion, the displacement of ternary ligand H2O by 18/natF- can be achieved to form an inert Sc-18/natF bond. Corresponding coordination complex natSc-18F is in vivo compatible and forms a theranostic tetrad with corresponding 44Sc/47Sc, 177Lu complexes all exhibiting homologous biodistribution profiles. Another exceptionally hard, highly Lewis acidic ion with underdeveloped aqueous chemistry and emerging interest in nuclear medicine is 45Ti4+. To develop de novo approaches to the mononuclear chelation of this ion under aqueous conditions, we employed a fragment-based bidentate ligand screening approach which identified two leads. The screen successfully predicted the formation of [45Ti][Ti(TREN-CAM)], a Ti-triscatechol complex that exhibits remarkable in vivo stability. Furthermore, the fragment-based screen also identified approaches that enabled solid-phase separation of Ti4+ and Sc3+ of interest in streamlining the isotope production of 45Ti and accessing new ways to separate 44Ti/44Sc for the development of a long-lived generator system. In addition to establishing the inert chelation of Ti4+ and Sc3+, we introduce controlled, metal-induced reactivity of corresponding coordination complexes on macroscopic and radiotracer scales. Metal-mediated autolytic amide bond cleavage (MMAAC) enables the temperature-dependent release of high-molar-activity, ready-to-inject radiopharmaceuticals; cleavage is selectively triggered by coordinated trivalent Lewis acid nat/68Ga3+ or Sc3+. Following the scope of reactivity and mechanistic studies, we validated MMAAC for the synthesis of high-molar-activity radiopharmaceuticals to image molecular targets with low expression and metal-mediated prodrug hydrolysis in vivo.This Account summarizes how developing the aqueous coordination chemistry and tuning the chemical reactivity of metal ions with high Lewis acidity at the macroscopic and tracer scales directly apply to the radiopharmaceutical synthesis with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Whetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Dariusz Śmiłowicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin─Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Zubenko AD, Shchukina AA, Chernikova EY, Egorova BV, Ikonnikova IS, Priselkova AB, Larenkov AA, Bubenshchikov VB, Mitrofanov AA, Fedorov YV, Fedorova OA. Synthesis of new acyclic chelators H4aPyta and H6aPyha and their complexes with Cu 2+, Ga 3+, Y 3+, and Bi 3. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1141-1155. [PMID: 38105658 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03451h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we present the synthesis and characterization of new acyclic pyridine-containing polyaminocarboxylate ligands H4aPyta and H6aPyha, which differ in structural rigidity and the number of chelating groups. Their abilities to form complexes with Cu2+, Ga3+, Y3+, and Bi3+ cations, as well as the stability of the complexes, were evaluated by potentiometric titration method, radiolabeling with the corresponding radionuclides, in vitro studies, mass spectrometry, and HPLC. The structures of the resulting complexes were determined using NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The results obtained made it possible to evaluate the influence of the structural features of the complexes on their stability. The developed chelators H4aPyta and H6aPyha were proved to be promising for further research in the field of radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Zubenko
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 St. Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Anna A Shchukina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 St. Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Ekaterina Y Chernikova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 St. Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Bayirta V Egorova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina S Ikonnikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna B Priselkova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anton A Larenkov
- State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya Str., Bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Viktor B Bubenshchikov
- State Research Center-Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya Str., Bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem A Mitrofanov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yury V Fedorov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 St. Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Olga A Fedorova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 St. Vavilova, 28, GSP-1, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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Pilgrim CD, Grimes TS, Smith C, Heathman CR, Mathew J, Jansone-Popova S, Roy S, Ray D, Bryantsev VS, Zalupski PR. Tuning aminopolycarboxylate chelators for efficient complexation of trivalent actinides. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17855. [PMID: 37857726 PMCID: PMC10587169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complexation of trivalent lanthanides and minor actinides (Am3+, Cm3+, and Cf3+) by the acyclic aminopolycarboxylate chelators 6,6'-((ethane-1,2-diylbis-((carboxymethyl)azanediyl))bis-(methylene))dipicolinic acid (H4octapa) and 6,6'-((((4-(1-(2-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine-2,6-diyl)bis-(methylene))bis-((carboxymethyl)azanediyl))bis-(methylene)) dipicolinic acid (H4pypa-peg) were studied using potentiometry, spectroscopy, competitive complexation liquid-liquid extraction, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Two studied reagents are strong multidentate chelators, well-suited for applications seeking radiometal coordination for in-vivo delivery and f-element isolation. The previously reported H4octapa forms a compact coordination packet, while H4pypa-peg is less sterically constrained due to the presence of central pyridine ring. The solubility of H4octapa is limited in a non-complexing high ionic strength perchlorate media. However, the introduction of a polyethylene glycol group in H4pypa-peg increased the solubility without influencing its ability to complex the lanthanides and minor actinides in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey D Pilgrim
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA.
- Glenn T. Seaborg Institute, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA.
| | - Travis S Grimes
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Clayn Smith
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Colt R Heathman
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA
| | - Jopaul Mathew
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Santa Jansone-Popova
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Santanu Roy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | | | - Peter R Zalupski
- Aqueous Separations and Radiochemistry, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, 83415, USA.
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5
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Becker KV, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Bradshaw T, Hurley SA, Olson AP, Barrett KE, Batterton J, Ellison PA, Barnhart TE, Pirasteh A, Engle JW. Cyclotron production of 43Sc and 44gSc from enriched 42CaO, 43CaO, and 44CaO targets. Front Chem 2023; 11:1167783. [PMID: 37179772 PMCID: PMC10169720 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1167783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: 43Sc and 44gSc are both positron-emitting radioisotopes of scandium with suitable half-lives and favorable positron energies for clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Irradiation of isotopically enriched calcium targets has higher cross sections compared to titanium targets and higher radionuclidic purity and cross sections than natural calcium targets for reaction routes possible on small cyclotrons capable of accelerating protons and deuterons. Methods: In this work, we investigate the following production routes via proton and deuteron bombardment on CaCO3 and CaO target materials: 42Ca(d,n)43Sc, 43Ca(p,n)43Sc, 43Ca(d,n)44gSc, 44Ca(p,n)44gSc, and 44Ca(p,2n)43Sc. Radiochemical isolation of the produced radioscandium was performed with extraction chromatography using branched DGA resin and apparent molar activity was measured with the chelator DOTA. The imaging performance of 43Sc and 44gSc was compared with 18F, 68Ga, and 64Cu on two clinical PET/CT scanners. Discussion: The results of this work demonstrate that proton and deuteron bombardment of isotopically enriched CaO targets produce high yield and high radionuclidic purity 43Sc and 44gSc. Laboratory capabilities, circumstances, and budgets are likely to dictate which reaction route and radioisotope of scandium is chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaelyn V. Becker
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Tyler Bradshaw
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Samuel A. Hurley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Aeli P. Olson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kendall E. Barrett
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jeanine Batterton
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul A. Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Todd E. Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ali Pirasteh
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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6
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Rigby A, Firth G, Rivas C, Pham T, Kim J, Phanopoulos A, Wharton L, Ingham A, Li L, Ma MT, Orvig C, Blower PJ, Terry SY, Abbate V. Toward Bifunctional Chelators for Thallium-201 for Use in Nuclear Medicine. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1422-1436. [PMID: 35801668 PMCID: PMC9305974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Auger electron therapy exploits the cytotoxicity of low-energy electrons emitted during radioactive decay that travel very short distances (typically <1 μm). 201Tl, with a half-life of 73 h, emits ∼37 Auger and other secondary electrons per decay and can be tracked in vivo as its gamma emissions enable SPECT imaging. Despite the useful nuclear properties of 201Tl, satisfactory bifunctional chelators to incorporate it into bioconjugates for molecular targeting have not been developed. H4pypa, H5decapa, H4neunpa-NH2, and H4noneunpa are multidentate N- and O-donor chelators that have previously been shown to have high affinity for 111In, 177Lu, and 89Zr. Herein, we report the synthesis and serum stability of [nat/201Tl]Tl3+ complexes with H4pypa, H5decapa, H4neunpa-NH2, and H4noneunpa. All ligands quickly and efficiently formed complexes with [201Tl]Tl3+ that gave simple single-peak radiochromatograms and showed greatly improved serum stability compared to DOTA and DTPA. [natTl]Tl-pypa was further characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and X-ray crystallography, showing evidence of the proton-dependent presence of a nine-coordinate complex and an eight-coordinate complex with a pendant carboxylic acid group. A prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeting bioconjugate of H4pypa was synthesized and radiolabeled. The uptake of [201Tl]Tl-pypa-PSMA in DU145 PSMA-positive and PSMA-negative prostate cancer cells was evaluated in vitro and showed evidence of bioreductive release of 201Tl and cellular uptake characteristic of unchelated [201Tl]TlCl. SPECT/CT imaging was used to probe the in vivo biodistribution and stability of [201Tl]Tl-pypa-PSMA. In healthy animals, [201Tl]Tl-pypa-PSMA did not show the myocardial uptake that is characteristic of unchelated 201Tl. In mice bearing DU145 PSMA-positive and PSMA-negative prostate cancer xenografts, the uptake of [201Tl]Tl-pypa-PSMA in DU145 PSMA-positive tumors was higher than that in DU145 PSMA-negative tumors but insufficient for useful tumor targeting. We conclude that H4pypa and related ligands represent an advance compared to conventional radiometal chelators such as DOTA and DTPA for Tl3+ chelation but do not resist dissociation for long periods in the biological environment due to vulnerability to reduction of Tl3+ and subsequent release of Tl+. However, this is the first report describing the incorporation of [201Tl]Tl3+ into a chelator-peptide bioconjugate and represents a significant advance in the field of 201Tl-based radiopharmaceuticals. The design of the next generation of chelators must include features to mitigate this susceptibility to bioreduction, which does not arise for other trivalent heavy radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Rigby
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - George Firth
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Rivas
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Truc Pham
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Kim
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Phanopoulos
- Department
of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Wharton
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Aidan Ingham
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Lily Li
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life
Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Michelle T Ma
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal
Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Philip J. Blower
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Y.A. Terry
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Abbate
- School
of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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7
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Dual-Labelling Strategies for Nuclear and Fluorescence Molecular Imaging: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040432. [PMID: 35455430 PMCID: PMC9028399 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular imaging offers the possibility to investigate biological and biochemical processes non-invasively and to obtain information on both anatomy and dysfunctions. Based on the data obtained, a fundamental understanding of various disease processes can be derived and treatment strategies can be planned. In this context, methods that combine several modalities in one probe are increasingly being used. Due to the comparably high sensitivity and provided complementary information, the combination of nuclear and optical probes has taken on a special significance. In this review article, dual-labelled systems for bimodal nuclear and optical imaging based on both modular ligands and nanomaterials are discussed. Particular attention is paid to radiometal-labelled molecules for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) and metal complexes combined with fluorescent dyes for optical imaging. The clinical potential of such probes, especially for fluorescence-guided surgery, is assessed.
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8
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Baba K, Nagata K, Yajima T, Yoshimura T. Synthesis, Structures, and Equilibrium Reactions of La(III) and Ba(II) Complexes with Pyridine Phosphonate Pendant Arms on a Diaza-18-crown-6 Ether. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Baba
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka 560-0043
| | - Kojiro Nagata
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871
| | - Tatsuo Yajima
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamatecho, Suita 564-8680
| | - Takashi Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, 2-4 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871
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9
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Southcott L, Li L, Patrick BO, Stephan H, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Orvig C. [ nat/89Zr][Zr(pypa)]: Thermodynamically Stable and Kinetically Inert Binary Nonadentate Complex for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18082-18093. [PMID: 34788042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
H4pypa is a nonadentate nonmacrocyclic chelator, which previously demonstrated high affinity for scandium-44, lutetium-177, and indium-111. Herein, we report the highly stable binary [Zr(pypa)] complex; the nonradioactive complex was synthesized and characterized in detail using high-resolution electrospray-ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS) and various nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies (NMR), which revealed C2v symmetry of the complex. The geometry of [Zr(pypa)] was further detailed via X-ray crystallography and compared with the structure of [Fe(Hpypa)]. Despite a slow complexation rate with an association half-life of 31.4 h at pH 2 and room temperature, the [Zr(pypa)] complex is thermodynamically stable (log KML = 38.92, pZr = 39.4). Radiochemical studies demonstrated quantitative radiolabeling achieved at 10 μM chelator concentration within 2 h at 40 °C and pH = 7, antibody-compatible conditions. Of the utmost importance, [89Zr][Zr(pypa)] is highly kinetically inert upon challenge with excess EDTA and DFO ligands, superior to [89Zr][Zr(DFO)]+, and maintains inertness toward human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Southcott
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden─Rossendorf, P.O. Box 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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10
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Song C, Park SY. Prostate cancer: diagnostic yield of modified transrectal ultrasound-guided twelve-core combined biopsy (targeted plus systematic biopsies) using prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2021; 46:4974-4983. [PMID: 34181040 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-021-03179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the diagnostic yield of modified transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided 12-core combined biopsy (CB) using prebiopsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). METHODS This retrospective study included 130 consecutive patients who underwent modified TRUS-guided 12-core CB using cognitive fusion for lesions of Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) category ≥ 3. The 12-core CB comprised 3-6-core targeted biopsy (TB) and systematic biopsy (SB). For SB, tissue sampling in TB regions was omitted, and 3-core sampling (i.e., apex, mid, and base) in the contralateral peripheral zone of TB was mandatory. csPCa was defined as International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade ≥ 2 cancer. The per-patient cancer detection rates (CDRs) according to biopsy type or PI-RADS category were investigated. RESULTS The CDRs of TB, SB, and CB for csPCa were 47.7% (62/130 patients), 29.2% (38/130), and 52.3% (68/130), respectively. For csPCa, the CDRs of TB and CB according to PI-RADS categories of 3, 4, or 5 were 25.0% (8/32) and 31.3% (10/32), 41.2% (28/68) and 45.6% (31/68), or 86.7% (26/30) and 90.0% (27/30), respectively. In 6 (4.6%) patients, csPCa was detected only by SB. In 18 (13.8%) patients, SB detected PCa of a higher ISUP grade than TB. In 11 (8.5%) patients, SB detected csPCa at contralateral peripheral zone of TB. CONCLUSION Modified TRUS-guided 12-core CB using prebiopsy MRI seems to be feasible. It may reduce total biopsy cores in patients who are suitable for CB based on prebiopsy MRI findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chorog Song
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Yoon Park
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Sneddon D, Cornelissen B. Emerging chelators for nuclear imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 63:152-162. [PMID: 34051509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chelators are necessary in nuclear medicine imaging to direct an inorganic radionuclide, a radiometal, to a desired target; unfortunately, there is no 'one-size-fits-all' chelator. As the toolbox of radiometals is expanding, new chelators are required to prevent off-target side effects. 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) is the current gold standard chelator for several radiometals, but typically, chelation requires harsh conditions, making it unsuitable to label biological vectors. The ideal chelator would allow labelling under mild conditions (near-neutral pH and low temperatures [∼37 °C]) and be both thermodynamically and kinetically stable. Over the past 2-3 years, several exciting chelators have been developed that have superior properties to make them worth investigating for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Sneddon
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
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12
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Southcott L, Wang X, Choudhary N, Wharton L, Patrick BO, Yang H, Zarschler K, Kubeil M, Stephan H, Jaraquemada-Peláez MDG, Orvig C. H 2pyhox - Octadentate Bis(pyridyloxine). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12186-12196. [PMID: 34310113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A new versatile chelating ligand for intermediate size and softness radiometals [64Cu]Cu2+ and [111In]In3+, H2pyhox, was synthesized by introducing pyridine as a new donor moiety to complement 8-hydroxyquinoline on an ethylenediamine backbone. The combination of pyridine and oxine as donor sets was explored through structural analysis, and crystals of the three metal complexes with Cu2+, La3+, and In3+ demonstrate how the ligand adapts to accommodate metal ions of different sizes and charge. Exhaustive in-batch UV solution studies characterized the protonation constants of the free ligand as well as the formation constants of the metal complexes with Cu2+, In3+, and La3+. Preliminary concentration-dependent radiolabeling studies with [111In]In3+ and [64Cu]Cu2+ show the robustness of H2pyhox to successfully coordinate both radiometals under mild conditions (<15 min, room temperature, pH 6). H2pyhox is the first oxinate ligand to successfully radiolabel [225Ac]Ac3+, albeit only at high concentrations (0.1-1 mM) with gentle heating to 37 °C. Whole serum, protein, and ligand challenge assays further demonstrate the kinetic inertness of the [111In]In3+ and [64Cu]Cu2+ radiometal-ligand complexes, confirming H2pyhox to be a promising versatile radiopharmaceutical chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Southcott
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Neha Choudhary
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Luke Wharton
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Brian O Patrick
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manja Kubeil
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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13
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Kostelnik TI, Scheiber H, Cappai R, Choudhary N, Lindheimer F, Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez MD, Orvig C. Phosphonate Chelators for Medicinal Metal Ions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5343-5361. [PMID: 33719399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A family of phosphonate-bearing chelators was synthesized to study their potential in metal-based (radio)pharmaceuticals. Three ligands (H6phospa, H6dipedpa, H6eppy; structures illustrated in manuscript) were fully characterized, including X-ray crystallographic structures of H6phospa and H6dipedpa. NMR spectroscopy techniques were used to confirm the complexation of each ligand with selected trivalent metal ions. These methods were particularly useful in discerning structural information for Sc3+ and La3+ complexes. Solution studies were conducted to evaluate the complex stability of 15 metal complexes. As a general trend, H6phospa was noted to form the most stable complexes, and H6eppy associated with the least stable complexes. Moreover, In3+ complexes were determined to be the most stable, and complexes with La3+ were the least stable, across all metals. Density functional theory (DFT) was employed to calculate structures of H6phospa and H6dipedpa complexes with La3+ and Sc3+. A comparison of experimental 1H NMR spectra with calculated 1H NMR spectra using DFT-optimized structures was used as a method of structure validation. It was noted that theoretical NMR spectra were very sensitive to a number of variables, such as ligand configuration, protonation state, and the number/orientation of explicit water molecules. In general, the inclusion of an explicit second shell of water molecules qualitatively improved the agreement between theoretical and experimental NMR spectra versus a polarizable continuum solvent model alone. Formation constants were also calculated from DFT results using potential-energy optimized structures. Strong dependence of molecular free energies on explicit water molecule number, water molecule configuration, and protonation state was observed, highlighting the need for dynamic data in accurate first-principles calculations of metal-ligand stability constants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hayden Scheiber
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rosita Cappai
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Neha Choudhary
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, V6T 2A3 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Felix Lindheimer
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 276, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - María de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Wharton L, Kurakina E, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Orvig C. Chemical Promiscuity of Non-Macrocyclic Multidentate Chelating Ligands for Radiometal Ions: H 4neunpa-NH 2 vs H 4noneunpa. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4076-4092. [PMID: 33635057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A comparative investigation of two structurally related potentially nonadentate chelating ligands, H4neunpa-NH2 and H4noneunpa, has been undertaken to examine the influence of bifunctionalization on their coordination chemistry and metal ion selectivity. Significantly improved synthetic routes for each compound have been developed, employing straightforward high-yielding strategies. Radiolabeling studies with [44Sc]Sc3+, [111In]In3+, [177Lu]Lu3+, and [225Ac]Ac3+ revealed a sharp contrast between the affinity of each chelator for large radiometal ions. H4noneunpa demonstrated highly effective coordination of [177Lu]Lu3+ and [225Ac]Ac3+ achieving quantitative radiochemical yields (>98%) at ligand concentrations of 10-6 M (room temperature (RT), 10 min), with excellent stability when challenged in human serum, while H4neunpa-NH2 was unable to complex either metal ion effectively. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed to explore the coordination chemistry of each chelating ligand with nonradioactive metal ions, spanning a range of ionic radii and coordination numbers. A comprehensive conformational analysis of each metal complex was undertaken using density functional theory (DFT) calculations to explore the coordination geometries and explain the discrepancy in binding characteristics. Theoretical simulations revealed notable differences in the coordination geometry and apparent denticity of each ligand, which together account for the observed selectivity in metal binding and have important implications for the future design of complexes based upon this framework to target large radiometal ion coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wharton
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.,Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Elena Kurakina
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Dzhelepov Laboratory of Nuclear Problems, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russian Federation.,Department of High-Energy Chemistry and Radioecology, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Vaughn BA, Koller AJ, Boros E. Aqueous chemistry of the smallest rare earth: Comprehensive characterization of radioactive and non-radioactive scandium complexes for biological applications. Methods Enzymol 2021; 651:343-371. [PMID: 33888209 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous chemistry of scandium(III) is of emerging interest for biological applications, specifically in nuclear medicine, as radioactive isotopes of scandium are becoming more readily accessible. In contrast to other rare earths, Sc3+ has no d or f electrons, limiting characterization of corresponding coordination complexes to spectroscopic techniques that do not rely on the characteristic electronic transitions of f-elements or transition metal ions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview on characterization techniques suitable to elucidate the solution behavior of small and macromolecular complexes of the smallest rare earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States.
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16
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Vaughn BA, Koller AJ, Chen Z, Ahn SH, Loveless CS, Cingoranelli SJ, Yang Y, Cirri A, Johnson CJ, Lapi SE, Chapman KW, Boros E. Homologous Structural, Chemical, and Biological Behavior of Sc and Lu Complexes of the Picaga Bifunctional Chelator: Toward Development of Matched Theranostic Pairs for Radiopharmaceutical Applications. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 32:1232-1241. [PMID: 33284001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The radioactive isotopes scandium-44/47 and lutetium-177 are gaining relevance for radioimaging and radiotherapy, resulting in a surge of studies on their coordination chemistry and subsequent applications. Although the trivalent ions of these elements are considered close homologues, dissimilar chemical behavior is observed when they are complexed by large ligand architectures due to discrepancies between Lu(III) and Sc(III) ions with respect to size, chemical hardness, and Lewis acidity. Here, we demonstrate that Lu and Sc complexes of 1,4-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-7-[(6-carboxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (H3mpatcn) and its corresponding bioconjugate picaga-DUPA can be employed to promote analogous structural features and, subsequently, biological properties for coordination complexes of these ions. The close homology was evidenced using potentiometric methods, computational modeling, variable temperature mass spectrometry, and pair distribution function analysis of X-ray scattering data. Radiochemical labeling, in vitro stability, and biodistribution studies with Sc-47 and Lu-177 indicate that the 7-coordinate ligand environment of the bifunctional picaga ligand is compatible with biological applications and the future investigation of β-emitting, picaga-chelated Sc and Lu isotopes for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Angus J Koller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Zhihengyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - C Shaun Loveless
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Shelbie J Cingoranelli
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Anthony Cirri
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Christopher J Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Suzanne E Lapi
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Karena W Chapman
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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17
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Li L, Kuo HT, Wang X, Merkens H, Colpo N, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Lin KS, Bénard F, Orvig C. tBu 4octapa-alkyl-NHS for metalloradiopeptide preparation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:7605-7619. [PMID: 32459231 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00845a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The peptide is an important class of biological targeting molecule; herein, a new bifunctional octadentate non-macrocyclic H4octapa, tBu4octapa-alkyl-NHS, which is compatible with solid-phase peptide synthesis and thus useful for radiopeptide preparation, has been synthesized. To preserve denticity, the alkyl-N-hydroxylsuccinimide linker was covalently attached to the methylene-carbon on one of the acetate arms, yielding a chiral carbon center. According to density-functional theory (DFT) calculations using [Lu(octapa-alkyl-benzyl-ester)]- as a simulation model, the chirality has minimal effects on the complex geometry; regardless of the S-/R-stereochemistry, DFT calculations revealed two possible geometric isomers, distorted bicapped trigonal antiprism (DBTA) and distorted square antiprism (DSA), due to the asymmetry in the chelator. To evaluate the biological behavior of the new bifunctionalization, two well-studied PSMA (prostate-specific membrane antigen)-targeting peptidomimetics of varying hydrophobicity were chosen as proof-of-principle targeting vector molecules. Radiolabeling both bioconjugates with lutetium-177 was highly efficient at room temperature in 15 min at micromolar chelator concentration pH = 7. Both the in vitro serum challenge and the lanthanum(iii) challenge studies revealed complex lability, and notably, progressive bone accumulation was only observed with the more hydrophobic linker (i.e. H4octapa-alkyl-PSMA617). This in vivo result informs potential alterations exerted by the linker on the complex geometry and stability, with an appropriate biological targeting vector adopted for such evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada. and Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Hsiou-Ting Kuo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Helen Merkens
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Nadine Colpo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Schaffer
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer, 675 West 10th Ave, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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18
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Li L, de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez M, Aluicio-Sarduy E, Wang X, Barnhart TE, Cai W, Radchenko V, Schaffer P, Engle JW, Orvig C. Coordination chemistry of [Y(pypa)] - and comparison immuno-PET imaging of [ 44Sc]Sc- and [ 86Y]Y-pypa-phenyl-TRC105. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:5547-5562. [PMID: 32270167 PMCID: PMC7222037 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt00437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Both scandium-44 and yttrium-86 are popular PET isotopes with appropriate half-lives for immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging. Herein, a new bifunctional H4pypa ligand, H4pypa-phenyl-NCS, is synthesized, conjugated to a monoclonal antibody, TRC105, and labeled with both radionuclides to investigate the long-term in vivo stability of each complex. While the 44Sc-labeled radiotracer exhibited promising pharmacokinetics and stability in 4T1-xenograft mice (n = 3) even upon prolonged interactions with blood serum proteins, the progressive bone uptake of the 86Y-counterpart indicated in vivo demetallation, obviating H4pypa as a suitable chelator for Y3+ ion in vivo. The solution chemistry of [natY(pypa)]- was studied in detail and the complex found to be thermodynamically stable in solution with a pM value 22.0, ≥3 units higher than those of the analogous DOTA- and CHX-A''-DTPA-complexes; the 86Y-result in vivo was therefore most unexpected. To explore further this in vivo lability, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation was performed to predict the geometry of [Y(pypa)]- and the results were compared with those for the analogous Sc- and Lu-complexes; all three adopted the same coordination geometry (i.e. distorted capped square antiprism), but the metal-ligand bonds were much longer in [Y(pypa)]- than in [Lu(pypa)]- and [Sc(pypa)]-, which could indicate that the size of the binding cavity is too small for the Y3+ ion, but suitable for both the Lu3+ and Sc3+ ions. Considered along with results from [86Y][Y(pypa-phenyl-TRC105)], it is noted that when matching chelators with radionuclides, chemical data such as the thermodynamic stability and in vitro inertness, albeit useful and necessary, do not always translate to in vivo inertness, especially with the prolonged blood circulation of the radiotracer bound to a monoclonal antibody. Although H4pypa is a nonadentate chelator, which theoretically matches the coordination number of the Y3+ ion, we show herein that its binding cavity, in fact, favors smaller metal ions such as Sc3+ and Lu3+ and further exploitation of the Sc-pypa combination is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Li
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a paradigm-shifting molecular imaging modality combining the superior targeting specificity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) and the inherent sensitivity of PET technique. A variety of radionuclides and mAbs have been exploited to develop immunoPET probes, which has been driven by the development and optimization of radiochemistry and conjugation strategies. In addition, tumor-targeting vectors with a short circulation time (e.g., Nanobody) or with an enhanced binding affinity (e.g., bispecific antibody) are being used to design novel immunoPET probes. Accordingly, several immunoPET probes, such as 89Zr-Df-pertuzumab and 89Zr-atezolizumab, have been successfully translated for clinical use. By noninvasively and dynamically revealing the expression of heterogeneous tumor antigens, immunoPET imaging is gradually changing the theranostic landscape of several types of malignancies. ImmunoPET is the method of choice for imaging specific tumor markers, immune cells, immune checkpoints, and inflammatory processes. Furthermore, the integration of immunoPET imaging in antibody drug development is of substantial significance because it provides pivotal information regarding antibody targeting abilities and distribution profiles. Herein, we present the latest immunoPET imaging strategies and their preclinical and clinical applications. We also emphasize current conjugation strategies that can be leveraged to develop next-generation immunoPET probes. Lastly, we discuss practical considerations to tune the development and translation of immunoPET imaging strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Wei
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zachary T Rosenkrans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weibo Cai
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Room 7137, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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Choudhary N, Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez MD, Zarschler K, Wang X, Radchenko V, Kubeil M, Stephan H, Orvig C. Chelation in One Fell Swoop: Optimizing Ligands for Smaller Radiometal Ions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5728-5741. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Choudhary
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Marı́a de Guadalupe Jaraquemada-Peláez
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Kristof Zarschler
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Valery Radchenko
- Life Sciences Division, TRIUMF, 4004 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2A3, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Manja Kubeil
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Stephan
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, D-01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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Hu A, Keresztes I, MacMillan SN, Yang Y, Ding E, Zipfel WR, DiStasio RA, Babich JW, Wilson JJ. Oxyaapa: A Picolinate-Based Ligand with Five Oxygen Donors that Strongly Chelates Lanthanides. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5116-5132. [PMID: 32216281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coordination compounds of the lanthanide ions (Ln3+) have important applications in medicine due to their photophysical, magnetic, and nuclear properties. To effectively use the Ln3+ ions for these applications, chelators that stably bind them in vivo are required to prevent toxic side effects that arise from localization of these ions in off-target tissue. In this study, two new picolinate-containing chelators, a heptadentate ligand OxyMepa and a nonadentate ligand Oxyaapa, were prepared, and their coordination chemistries with Ln3+ ions were thoroughly investigated to evaluate their suitability for use in medicine. Protonation constants of these chelators and stability constants for their Ln3+ complexes were evaluated. Both ligands exhibit a thermodynamic preference for small Ln3+ ions. The log KLuL = 12.21 and 21.49 for OxyMepa and Oxyaapa, respectively, indicating that the nonadentate Oxyaapa forms complexes of significantly higher stability than the heptadentate OxyMepa. X-ray crystal structures of the Lu3+ complexes were obtained, revealing that Oxyaapa saturates the coordination sphere of Lu3+, whereas OxyMepa leaves an additional open coordination site for a bound water ligand. Solution structural studies carried out with NMR spectroscopy revealed the presence of two possible conformations for these ligands upon Ln3+ binding. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to probe the geometries and energies of these conformations. Energy differences obtained by DFT are small but consistent with experimental data. The photophysical properties of the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes were characterized, revealing modest photoluminescent quantum yields of <2%. Luminescence lifetime measurements were carried out in H2O and D2O, showing that the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes of OxyMepa have two inner-sphere water ligands, whereas the Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes of Oxyaapa have zero. Lastly, variable-temperature 17O NMR spectroscopy was performed for the Gd-OxyMepa complex to determine its water exchange rate constant of kex298 = (2.8 ± 0.1) × 106 s-1. Collectively, this comprehensive characterization of these Ln3+ chelators provides valuable insight for their potential use in medicine and garners additional understanding of ligand design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aohan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Samantha N MacMillan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Erdong Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Warren R Zipfel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Robert A DiStasio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - John W Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Justin J Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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