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Klöppner L, Harps LC, Parr MK. Sample Preparation Techniques for Growth-Promoting Agents in Various Mammalian Specimen Preceding MS-Analytics. Molecules 2024; 29:330. [PMID: 38257243 PMCID: PMC10818438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The misuse of growth-promoting drugs such as beta-2 agonists and steroids is a known problem in farming and sports competitions. Prior to the analysis of biological samples via liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) or gas chromatography (GC)-MS, sufficient sample preparation is required to reliably identify or determine the residues of drugs. In practice, broad screening methods are often used to save time and analyze as many compounds as possible. This review was conceptualized to analyze the literature from 2018 until October 2023 for sample preparation procedures applied to animal specimens before LC- or GC-MS analysis. The animals were either used in farming or sports. In the present review, solid phase extraction (SPE) was observed as the dominant sample clean-up technique for beta-2 agonists and steroids, followed by protein precipitation. For the extraction of beta-2 agonists, mixed-mode cation exchanger-based SPE phases were preferably applied, while for the steroids, various types of SPE materials were reported. Furthermore, dispersive SPE-based QuEChERs were utilized. Combinatory use of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) was observed to cover further drug classes in addition to beta-2 agonists in broader screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (L.K.); (L.C.H.)
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da Silva MC, Rocha DG, Lana MAG, de Assis DCS, Pereira MDPM, Faria AF. Multiresidue Determination of Growth Promoters in Bovine Serum using QuEChERS and UHPLC-Q-ORBITRAP: Validation and In Vivo Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15766-15773. [PMID: 37843073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A reliable method using a QuEChERS approach and liquid chromatography coupled to Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometry was optimized and validated for the quantification of 20 growth promoters in bovine serum. The recoveries ranged from 91.4-114.1%, relative standard deviations varied between 0.3-4.0%, and CCα values were between 0.023-0.350 μg L-1. The developed method was applied in an in vivo study using steers, which were intramuscularly treated with commercial injections containing stanozolol. A rapid metabolization was observed, with a detection window ranging from 3 to 10 days. The stability of incurred stanozolol was confirmed after 240 days at -20 °C and also after 5 freeze-thaw cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which an in vivo study was performed to support the monitoring of stanozolol in bovine serum. In addition, the use of Q-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry allows for retrospective analysis from a surveillance perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C da Silva
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Diego G Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais - Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária - Brazil, Av. Rômulo Joviano, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33250-220, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Marianna de P M Pereira
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
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Xu X, Guo L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C, Liu L. Multiplex lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative and quantitative detection of six steroid hormone residues in chicken and pork. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Running L, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Aga DS. Development of a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based In Vitro Assay to Assess Changes in Steroid Hormones Due to Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1277-1288. [PMID: 35696490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluorinated substances (PFASs) are organic pollutants that have been linked to numerous health effects, including diabetes, cancers, and dysregulation of the endocrine system. This study aims to develop a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay to measure changes in 17 hormones in H295R cell line (a steroid producing adrenocortical cells) upon exposure to PFASs. Due to the challenges in the analysis of steroid hormones using electrospray ionization MS, a chemical derivatization method was employed to achieve 0.07-2 μg/L detection limits in LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, a 10-fold concentration factor through solid-phase extraction (SPE) allows for consistent sub-parts per billion detections. Optimization of the derivatization conditions showed doubly-derivatized products in some hormone analytes, including progesterone, corticosterone, and cortisol, and gave improved ionization efficiency up to 20-fold higher signal than the singly-derivatized product. The use of SPE for sample cleanup to analyze hormones from cellular media using weak anion exchange sorbent yielded 80-100% recovery for the 17 targeted hormones. The method was validated by exposing H295R cells to two known endocrine disruptors, forskolin and prochloraz, which showed expected changes in hormones. An initial exposure of H295R cells with various PFAS standards and their mixtures at 1 μM showed significant increases in progestogens with some PFAS treatments, which include PFBS, PFHxA, PFOS, PFDA, and PFDS. In addition, modest changes in hormone levels were observed in cells treated with other sulfonated or carboxylated headgroup PFASs. This sensitive LC-MS/MS method for hormone analysis in H295R cells will allow for the investigations of the alterations in the hormone production caused by exposure to various environmental insults in cell-based assays and other in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Running
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - G Ekin Atilla-Gokcumen
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
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Rocha DG, Lana MAG, Dracz S, da Silva RR, de Assis DCS, da Silva MC, Augusti R, Faria AF. Can Serum be a Match for Urine in the Regulatory Analysis of Boldenone in Cattle? A Systematic Comparison Between Detection Window, Stability, and Enzymatic Hydrolysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5528-5535. [PMID: 33970002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work involved a systematic comparison between serum and urine for the monitoring of anabolic androgenic steroids in livestock. Incurred samples were collected over 120 days from crossbred steers treated with intramuscular injections containing boldenone undecylenate. Independent high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods were used for the assessment of the respective detection windows, which were larger for serum samples. Both matrices presented adequate performance in terms of long-term stability, assessed using an isochronous approach during 196 days at -20 °C and for five freeze-thaw cycles. The effectiveness of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction using Helix pomatia juice was also compared. The calculated concentrations in serum samples were not statistically influenced by the deconjugation reaction. On the other hand, urine hydrolysis conditions were studied using a 33 Box-Behnken Design, in which a central point condition led to a satisfactory deconjugation performance. It could be observed that serum exhibited equivalent or better performance than urine for most of the evaluated criteria; thus, its inclusion in the regulatory analysis of boldenone in cattle is supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Rocha
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Mary Ane G Lana
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Dracz
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Rosemary R da Silva
- Federal Laboratory of Animal and Plant Health and Inspection, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n, Pedro Leopoldo, MG 33600-000, Brazil
| | - Débora C S de Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil
| | - Mariana C da Silva
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
| | - Rodinei Augusti
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Faria
- Department of Chemistry-Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG31270-901, Brazil
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Lišková M, Čačková K, Rejtharová M. New approach to derivatisation for oestradiol esters detection in animal blood plasma using negative chemical ionisation GC-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1157-1168. [PMID: 33955829 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1916095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 1996, the EU prohibited the use of substances with anabolic action for food-producing animals (EU Directive 96/22/EC). In cases of illegal use of steroid hormones, these substances are usually applied to the animals in the form of esters. The reliable determination of intact steroid esters in animal tissues or body fluids is an unequivocal proof of illegal treatment of animals with EU prohibited anabolic substances. Previously our laboratory developed a sensitive method for determination of oestradiol benzoate and other steroid esters in blood plasma using LC-MS/MS, validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. This study describes a GC-MS method which has been developed for five oestradiol esters in blood plasma. The sample preparation procedure consisted of protein precipitation, phospholipids removal and cleaning on an alumina column. Oestradiol esters were derivatised with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBCl) and pyridine in dichloromethane. The measurement of oestradiol esters was carried out by GC-MS/NCI with Cool On-Column injection. Methane was used as a negative chemical ionisation reagent gas. The method for determination of oestradiol esters in blood plasma has been validated according to Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Decision limits for all analytes were observed below 0.05 ng mL-1. The method is robust for bovine and porcine plasma analyses and can be applied both for screening and confirmatory determination in routine residue monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lišková
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Čačková
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rejtharová
- National Reference Laboratory for residues of banned substances, ÚSKVBL - Institute for State Control of Veterinary Biologicals and Medicines, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
A series of dried blood spot (DBS) detection methods for doping agents have been developed in the last two decades. The DBS technique minimizes invasiveness and reduces storage and shipping costs. Recently, the World Anti-Doping Agency announced the use of DBS for the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games owing to the advantages of the DBS application in routine doping control. Therefore the further development of detection methods for doping agents in DBS is important and urgent. This review summarizes five aspects of DBS application in doping analysis: sample collection, storage conditions, pretreatment, instrumentation and validation according to the Prohibited List issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and proposes some suggestions for future studies of DBS in doping analysis.
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