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Li ZL, Sun CQ, Qing ZL, Li ZM, Liu HL. Engineering the thermal stability of a polyphosphate kinase by ancestral sequence reconstruction to expand the temperature boundary for an industrially applicable ATP regeneration system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0157423. [PMID: 38236018 PMCID: PMC10880597 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01574-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent energy-consuming enzymatic reactions are widely used in cell-free biocatalysis. However, the direct addition of large amounts of expensive ATP can greatly increase cost, and enzymatic production is often difficult to achieve as a result. Although a polyphosphate kinase (PPK)-polyphosphate-based ATP regeneration system has the potential to solve this challenge, the generally poor thermal stability of PPKs limits the widespread use of this method. In this paper, we evaluated the thermal stability of a PPK from Sulfurovum lithotrophicum (SlPPK2). After directed evolution and computation-supported design, we found that SlPPK2 is very recalcitrant and cannot acquire beneficial mutations. Inspired by the usually outstanding stability of ancestral enzymes, we reconstructed the ancestral sequence of the PPK family and used it as a guide to construct three heat-stable variants of SlPPK2, of which the L35F/T144S variant has a half-life of more than 14 h at 60°C. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed on all enzymes to analyze the reasons for the increased thermal stability. The results showed that mutations at these two positions act synergistically from the interior and surface of the protein, leading to a more compact structure. Finally, the robustness of the L35F/T144S variant was verified in the synthesis of nucleotides at high temperature. In practice, the use of this high-temperature ATP regeneration system can effectively avoid byproduct accumulation. Our work extends the temperature boundary of ATP regeneration and has great potential for industrial applications.IMPORTANCEATP regeneration is an important basic applied study in the field of cell-free biocatalysis. Polyphosphate kinase (PPK) is an enzyme tool widely used for energy regeneration during enzymatic reactions. However, the thermal stability of the PPKs reported to date that can efficiently regenerate ATP is usually poor, which greatly limits their application. In this study, the thermal stability of a difficult-to-engineer PPK from Sulfurovum lithotrophicum was improved, guided by an ancestral sequence reconstruction strategy. The optimal variant has a 4.5-fold longer half-life at 60°C than the wild-type enzyme, thus enabling the extension of the temperature boundary for ATP regeneration. The ability of this variant to regenerate ATP was well demonstrated during high-temperature enzymatic production of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou-Lei Qing
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Lai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Cheng F, Li KX, Wu SS, Liu HY, Li H, Shen Q, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Synthesis Method, Enzyme, and Biocatalytic System. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3302-3313. [PMID: 38330904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has garnered substantial interest as a functional food product. Industrial NMN production relies on chemical methods, facing challenges in separation, purification, and regulatory complexities, leading to elevated prices. In contrast, NMN biosynthesis through fermentation or enzyme catalysis offers notable benefits like eco-friendliness, recyclability, and efficiency, positioning it as a primary avenue for future NMN synthesis. Enzymatic NMN synthesis encompasses the nicotinamide-initial route and nicotinamide ribose-initial routes. Key among these is nicotinamide riboside kinase (NRK), pivotal in the latter route. The NRK-mediated biosynthesis is emerging as a prominent trend due to its streamlined route, simplicity, and precise specificity. The essential aspect is to obtain an engineered NRK that exhibits elevated activity and robust stability. This review comprehensively assesses diverse NMN synthesis methods, offering valuable insights into efficient, sustainable, and economical production routes. It spotlights the emerging NRK-mediated biosynthesis pathway and its significance. The establishment of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration system plays a pivotal role in enhancing NMN synthesis efficiency through NRK-catalyzed routes. The review aims to be a reference for researchers developing green and sustainable NMN synthesis, as well as those optimizing NMN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Huan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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Zhou M, Wei L, Wu C, Chen W, Tang Z. Systematic Engineering of Escherichia coli for Efficient Production of Cytidine 5'-Monophosphate. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6663-6668. [PMID: 38371780 PMCID: PMC10870394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (CMP) was widely applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, CMP is mainly produced by enzyme catalysis. However, the starting materials for enzyme catalysis were relatively expensive. Therefore, seeking a low-cost production process for CMP was attractive. In this study, Escherichia coli (E. coli) was systematically modified to produce CMP. First, a the cytidine-producing strain was constructed by deleting cdd, rihA, rihB, and rihC. Second, the genes involved in the pyrimidine precursor competing pathway and negative regulation were deleted to increase cyti dine biosynthesis. Third, the deletion of the genes that caused the loss of CMP phosphatase activity led to the accumulation of CMP, and the overexpression of the rate-limiting step genes and feedback inhibition resistance genes greatly increased the yield of CMP. The yield of CMP was further increased to 1013.6 mg/L by blocking CMP phosphorylation. Ultimately, the yield of CMP reached 15.3 g/L in a 50 L bioreactor. Overall, the engineered E. coli with a high yield of CMP was successfully constructed and showed the potential for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Institute
of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Liyuan Wei
- Institute
of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Chongzhi Wu
- Institute
of Biopharmaceuticals, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Hangzhou
Hizyme Biotech Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310011, China
| | - Zhengju Tang
- Taizhou
Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, China
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Teng F, Wang L, Hu M, Tao Y. Cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 facilitates cytidine 5'-monophosphate production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110211. [PMID: 36804179 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP), a key intermediate for the production of nucleotide derivatives, has been extensively used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. Compared to RNA degradation and chemical synthesis, the biosynthesis of 5'-CMP has attracted wide attention due to its relatively low cost and eco-friendliness. In this study, we developed a cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) to manufacture 5'-CMP from cytidine (CR). McPPK2 from Meiothermus cerbereus exhibited high specific activity (128.5 U/mg) and was used to accomplish ATP regeneration. McPPK2 and LhUCK (a uridine-cytidine kinase from Lactobacillus helveticus) were combined to convert CR to 5'-CMP. Further, the degradation of CR was inhibited by knocking out cdd from the Escherichia coli genome to enhance 5'-CMP production. Finally, the cell-free system based on ATP regeneration maximized the titer of 5'-CMP up to 143.5 mM. The wider applicability of this cell-free system was demonstrated in the synthesis of deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dCMP) from deoxycytidine (dCR) by incorporating McPPK2 and BsdCK (a deoxycytidine kinase from Bacillus subtilis). This study suggests that the cell-free regeneration of ATP based on PPK2 has the advantage of great flexibility for producing 5'-(d)CMP and other (deoxy)nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meirong Hu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cui X, Du X, Zhao Q, Hu Y, Tian C, Song W. Efficient synthesis of Ala-Tyr by L-amino acid ligase coupled with ATP regeneration system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04365-5. [PMID: 36689158 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The multi-enzyme coupling reaction system has become a promising biomanufacturing platform for biochemical production. Tyr is an essential amino acid, but the limited solubility restricts its use. Tyrosyl dipeptide has been paid more attention due to its higher solubility. In this study, an efficient enzymatic cascade of Ala-Tyr synthesis was developed by a L-amino acid ligase together with polyphosphate kinase (PPK). Two L-amino acid ligases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus were selected and applied for Ala-Tyr synthesis. The L-amino acid ligase from B. subtilis (Bs) was selected and coupled with the PPK from Sulfurovum lithotrophicum (PPKSL) for regenerating ATP to produce Ala-Tyr in one pot. In the optimization system, 40.1 mM Ala-Tyr was produced within 3 h due to efficient ATP regeneration with hexametaphosphate (PolyP(6)) as the phosphate donor. The molar yield was 0.89 mol/mol based on the substrates added, while the productivity of Ala-Tyr achieved 13.4 mM/h, which were the highest yield and productivity ever reported about Ala-Tyr synthesis with L-amino acid ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Cui
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Yanying Hu
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Wenlu Song
- School of Engineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China.
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Lou L, Li Z, Li Z. Rational Design to Enhance Enzyme Activity for the Establishment of an Enzyme-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Co-Immobilization System for Efficient Nucleotide Production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:2312-2319. [PMID: 35133135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c08001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing yields while reducing costs is one of the ultimate pursuits of industrial production. To achieve this goal in the enzymatic production of multiple nucleotides, in this study, a co-immobilized polyphosphate kinase-nucleoside kinase hybridized nanoflower system (PPK@NK) was constructed. To improve the productivity, the nucleoside kinase (NK) used was rationally designed, and a variant with significantly increased activity compared to the wild type was obtained. The polyphosphate kinase (PPK) and NK could be sequentially adsorbed on the surface of hybrid nanoflowers at room temperature (25 °C) through the interaction of Cu2+ and proteins without any other chemical pretreatment. The optimal preparation conditions and reaction parameters of PPK@NK hybrid nanoflowers were investigated. Under optimal reaction conditions, the newly prepared co-immobilization system could catalyze the conversion of 100 mM uridine, cytidine, and inosine to the corresponding nucleotides completely within 4 h and could be reused at least six times. The storage stability of the co-immobilized system was more than 2-fold higher than that of the free enzyme, and there was no significant difference in thermostability. PPK@NK hybridized nanoflowers have properties such as easy preparation and storage and low cost, indicating their suitability for the efficient production of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Li Z, Sun C, Lou L, Li Z. A cocktail of protein engineering strategies: breaking the enzyme bottleneck one by one for high UTP production in vitro. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1405-1415. [PMID: 35167706 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pyrimidine metabolic pathway is tightly regulated in microorganisms, allowing limited success in metabolic engineering for the production of pathway-related substances. Here, we constructed a four-enzyme coupled system for the in vitro production of uridine triphosphate (UTP). The enzymes used include nucleoside kinase, uridylate kinase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and polyphosphate kinase for energy regeneration. All these enzymes are derived from extremophiles. To increase the total and unit time yield of the product, three enzymes other than polyphosphate kinase were modified separately by multiple protein engineering strategies. A nucleoside kinase variant with increased specific activity from 2.7 U/mg to 36.5 U/mg, a uridylate kinase variant (specific activity of 37.1 U/mg) with a 5.2-fold increase in thermostability, and a nucleoside diphosphate kinase variant with a 2-fold increase in specific activity to over 900 U/mg were obtained, respectively. The reaction conditions of the coupled system were further optimized, and a two-stage method was taken to avoid the problem of enzymatic pH adaptation mismatch. Under optimal conditions, this system can produce more than 65 mM UTP (31.5 g/L) in 3.0 h. The substrate conversion rate exceeded 98% and the maximum UTP productivity reached 40 mM/h. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chuanqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Longwei Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.,Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Sun C, Li Z, Ning X, Xu W, Li Z. In vitro biosynthesis of ATP from adenosine and polyphosphate. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:117. [PMID: 38650279 PMCID: PMC10992290 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a crucial energy currency in vivo, and it is a widely used energy and/or phosphate donor for enzyme-catalyzed reactions in vitro. In this study, we established an in vitro multi-enzyme cascade system for ATP production. Using adenosine and inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) as key substrates, we combined adenosine kinase and two functionally distinct polyphosphate kinases (PPKs) in a one-pot reaction to achieve chain-like ATP regeneration and production. Several sources of PPK were screened and characterized, and two suitable PPKs were selected to achieve high rates of ATP production. Among these, Sulfurovum lithotrophicum PPK (SlPPK) exhibited excellent activity over a wide pH range (pH 4.0-9.0) and synthesized ATP from ADP using short-chain polyP. Furthermore, it had a half-life > 155.6 h at 45 °C. After optimizing the reaction conditions, we finally carried out the coupling-catalyzed reaction with different initial adenosine concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mM. The highest yields of ATP were 76.0, 70.5, and 61.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Xiao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wentian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Recombinant Production of Arginyl Dipeptides by l-Amino Acid Ligase RizA Coupled with ATP Regeneration. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginyl dipeptides like Arg-Ser, Arg-Ala, and Arg-Gly are salt-taste enhancers and can potentially be used to reduce the salt content of food. The l-amino acid ligase RizA from B. subtilis selectively synthesizes arginyl dipeptides. However, industrial application is prevented by the high cost of the cofactor adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Thus, a coupled reaction system was created consisting of RizA and acetate kinase (AckA) from E. coli providing ATP regeneration from acetyl phosphate. Both enzymes were recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. Biocatalytic reactions were varied and analyzed by RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection. Under optimal conditions the system produced up to 5.9 g/L Arg-Ser corresponding to an ATP efficiency of 23 g Arg-Ser per gram ATP. Using similar conditions with alanine or glycine as second amino acid, 2.6 g/L Arg-Ala or 2.4 g/L Arg Gly were produced. The RizA/AckA system selectively produced substantial amounts of arginyl dipeptides while minimizing the usage of the expensive ATP.
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