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Yun EJ, Lee SH, Kim S, Ryu HS, Kim KH. Catabolism of 2-keto-3-deoxy-galactonate and the production of its enantiomers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:403. [PMID: 38954014 PMCID: PMC11219438 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
2-Keto-3-deoxy-galactonate (KDGal) serves as a pivotal metabolic intermediate within both the fungal D-galacturonate pathway, which is integral to pectin catabolism, and the bacterial DeLey-Doudoroff pathway for D-galactose catabolism. The presence of KDGal enantiomers, L-KDGal and D-KDGal, varies across these pathways. Fungal pathways generate L-KDGal through the reduction and dehydration of D-galacturonate, whereas bacterial pathways produce D-KDGal through the oxidation and dehydration of D-galactose. Two distinct catabolic routes further metabolize KDGal: a nonphosphorolytic pathway that employs aldolase and a phosphorolytic pathway involving kinase and aldolase. Recent findings have revealed that L-KDGal, identified in the bacterial catabolism of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, a major component of red seaweeds, is also catabolized by Escherichia coli, which is traditionally known to be catabolized by specific fungal species, such as Trichoderma reesei. Furthermore, the potential industrial applications of KDGal and its derivatives, such as pyruvate and D- and L-glyceraldehyde, are underscored by their significant biological functions. This review comprehensively outlines the catabolism of L-KDGal and D-KDGal across different biological systems, highlights stereospecific methods for discriminating between enantiomers, and explores industrial application prospects for producing KDGal enantiomers. KEY POINTS: • KDGal is a metabolic intermediate in fungal and bacterial pathways • Stereospecific enzymes can be used to identify the enantiomeric nature of KDGal • KDGal can be used to induce pectin catabolism or produce functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ju Yun
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Seul Ryu
- Division of Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Heon Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Cao M, Sun W, Wang S, Di H, Du Q, Tan X, Meng W, Kang Z, Liu Y, Xu P, Lü C, Ma C, Gao C. Efficient L-valine production using systematically metabolic engineered Klebsiella oxytoca. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130403. [PMID: 38295958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
L-Valine, a branched-chain amino acid with diversified applications, is biosynthesized with α-acetolactate as the key precursor. In this study, the metabolic flux in Klebsiella oxytoca PDL-K5, a Risk Group 1 organism producing 2,3-butanediol as the major fermentation product, was rearranged to L-valine production by introducing exogenous L-valine biosynthesis pathway and blocking endogenous 2,3-butanediol generation at the metabolic branch point α-acetolactate. After further enhancing L-valine efflux, strengthening pyruvate polymerization and selecting of key enzymes for L-valine synthesis, a plasmid-free K. oxytoca strain VKO-9 was obtained. Fed-batch fermentation with K. oxytoca VKO-9 in a 7.5 L fermenter generated 122 g/L L-valine with a yield of 0.587 g/g in 56 h. In addition, repeated fed-batch fermentation was conducted to prevent precipitation of L-valine due to oversaturation. The average concentration, yield, and productivity of produced L-valine in three cycles of repeated fed-batch fermentation were 81.3 g/L, 0.599 g/g, and 3.39 g/L/h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weikang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Di
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qihang Du
- Shandong Institute of Metrology, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wensi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhaoqi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yidong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chuanjuan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Yang L, Jia C, Xie B, Chen M, Cheng X, Chen X, Dong W, Zhou J, Jiang M. Lighting up Pyruvate Metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensor. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:1651-1659. [PMID: 38206807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring intracellular pyruvate is useful for the exploration of fundamental metabolism and for guiding the construction of yeast cell factories for chemical production. Here, we employed a genetically encoded fluorescent Pyronic biosensor to light up the pyruvate metabolic state in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. A strong correlation was observed between the pyruvate fluctuation in mitochondria and cytoplasm when exposed to different metabolites. Further metabolic analysis of pyruvate uptake and glycolytic dynamics showed that glucose and fructose dose-dependently activated cytoplasmic pyruvate levels more effectively than direct exposure to pyruvate. Meanwhile, the Pyronic biosensor could visually distinguish phenotypes of the wild-type S. cerevisiae BY4741 and the pyruvate-hyperproducing S. cerevisiae TAM at a single-cell resolution, having the potential for high-throughput screening. Overall, Pyronic biosensors targeting different suborganelles contribute to mapping and studying the central carbon metabolism in-depth and guide the design and construction of yeast cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Chaochao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Bin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Minjiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Xiawei Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Optogenetics & Synthetic Biology Interdisciplinary Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
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Sun Y, Guo S, Wu T, Zhang J, Kwok LY, Sun Z, Zhang H, Wang J. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics approach unveils biochemical changes in compound probiotic fermented milk during fermentation. NPJ Sci Food 2023; 7:21. [PMID: 37225736 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-023-00197-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotic functional products have drawn wide attention because of their increasing popularity. However, few studies have analyzed probiotic-specific metabolism in the fermentation process. This study applied UPLC-QE-MS-based metabolomics to track changes in the milk metabolomes in the course of fermentation by two probiotic strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PC-01 and Bifidobacterium adolescentis B8589. We observed substantial changes in the probiotic fermented milk metabolome between 0 and 36 h of fermentation, and the differences between the milk metabolomes at the interim period (36 h and 60 h) and the ripening stage (60 h and 72 h) were less obvious. A number of time point-specific differential metabolites were identified, mainly belonging to organic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids. Nine of the identified differential metabolites are linked to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glutamate metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. The contents of pyruvic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, and capric acid increased at the end of fermentation, which can contribute to the nutritional quality and functional properties of the probiotic fermented milk. This time-course metabolomics study analyzed probiotic-specific fermentative changes in milk, providing detailed information of probiotic metabolism in a milk matrix and the potential beneficial mechanism of probiotic fermented milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Lai-Yu Kwok
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Heping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China
| | - Jicheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering (Inner Mongolia Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, 010018, Hohhot, China.
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 010018, Hohhot, China.
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 010018, Hohhot, China.
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Carranza-Saavedra D, Torres-Bacete J, Blázquez B, Sánchez Henao CP, Zapata Montoya JE, Nogales J. System metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli W for the production of 2-ketoisovalerate using unconventional feedstock. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1176445. [PMID: 37152640 PMCID: PMC10158823 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1176445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacing traditional substrates in industrial bioprocesses to advance the sustainable production of chemicals is an urgent need in the context of the circular economy. However, since the limited degradability of non-conventional carbon sources often returns lower yields, effective exploitation of such substrates requires a multi-layer optimization which includes not only the provision of a suitable feedstock but the use of highly robust and metabolically versatile microbial biocatalysts. We tackled this challenge by means of systems metabolic engineering and validated Escherichia coli W as a promising cell factory for the production of the key building block chemical 2-ketoisovalerate (2-KIV) using whey as carbon source, a widely available and low-cost agro-industrial waste. First, we assessed the growth performance of Escherichia coli W on mono and disaccharides and demonstrated that using whey as carbon source enhances it significantly. Second, we searched the available literature and used metabolic modeling approaches to scrutinize the metabolic space of E. coli and explore its potential for overproduction of 2-KIV identifying as basic strategies the block of pyruvate depletion and the modulation of NAD/NADP ratio. We then used our model predictions to construct a suitable microbial chassis capable of overproducing 2-KIV with minimal genetic perturbations, i.e., deleting the pyruvate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Finally, we used modular cloning to construct a synthetic 2-KIV pathway that was not sensitive to negative feedback, which effectively resulted in a rerouting of pyruvate towards 2-KIV. The resulting strain shows titers of up to 3.22 ± 0.07 g/L of 2-KIV and 1.40 ± 0.04 g/L of L-valine in 24 h using whey in batch cultures. Additionally, we obtained yields of up to 0.81 g 2-KIV/g substrate. The optimal microbial chassis we present here has minimal genetic modifications and is free of nutritional autotrophies to deliver high 2-KIV production rates using whey as a non-conventional substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Carranza-Saavedra
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food Technology Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), Systems Biotechnology Group, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy‐Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast‐CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Torres-Bacete
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), Systems Biotechnology Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blas Blázquez
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), Systems Biotechnology Group, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy‐Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast‐CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Patricia Sánchez Henao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food Technology Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José Edgar Zapata Montoya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food Technology Group, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Nogales
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), Systems Biotechnology Group, Madrid, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Platform for Sustainable Plastics Towards a Circular Economy‐Spanish National Research Council (SusPlast‐CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan Nogales,
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Xiao D, Hu C, Xu X, Lü C, Wang Q, Zhang W, Gao C, Xu P, Wang X, Ma C. A d,l-lactate biosensor based on allosteric transcription factor LldR and amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114378. [PMID: 35617798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lactate, a hydroxycarboxylic acid commercially produced by microbial fermentation, is widely applied in diverse industrial fields. Lactate exists in two stereoisomeric forms (d-lactate and l-lactate). d-Lactate and l-lactate are often simultaneously present in many biological samples. Therefore, a biosensor able to detect both d- and l-lactate is required but previously unavailable. Herein, an allosteric transcription factor LldR from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, which responds to both d-lactate and l-lactate, was combined with amplified luminescent proximity homogeneous assay technology to develop a d,l-lactate biosensor. The proposed biosensor was optimized by mutation of DNA sequence in binding site of LldR. The optimized biosensor BLac-6 can accurately detect the concentration of lactate independent on ratio of the two isomers in pending test samples. The biosensor was also tentatively used in quantitative analysis of d-lactate, l-lactate, or d,l-lactate in fermentation samples produced by three recombinant strains of Klebsiella oxytoca. With its desirable properties, the biosensor BLac-6 may be a potential choice for monitoring the concentration of lactate during industrial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Chunxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Xianzhi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Chuanjuan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250033, PR China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, PR China.
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Sar T, Harirchi S, Ramezani M, Bulkan G, Akbas MY, Pandey A, Taherzadeh MJ. Potential utilization of dairy industries by-products and wastes through microbial processes: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 810:152253. [PMID: 34902412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The dairy industry generates excessive amounts of waste and by-products while it gives a wide range of dairy products. Alternative biotechnological uses of these wastes need to be determined to aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems due to their high chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels and rich nutrient (lactose, protein and fat) contents. This work presents a critical review on the fermentation-engineering aspects based on defining the effective use of dairy effluents in the production of various microbial products such as biofuel, enzyme, organic acid, polymer, biomass production, etc. In addition to microbial processes, techno-economic analyses to the integration of some microbial products into the biorefinery and feasibility of the related processes have been presented. Overall, the inclusion of dairy wastes into the designed microbial processes seems also promising for commercial approaches. Especially the digestion of dairy wastes with cow manure and/or different substrates will provide a positive net present value (NPV) and a payback period (PBP) less than 10 years to the plant in terms of biogas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taner Sar
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Sharareh Harirchi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohaddaseh Ramezani
- Microorganisms Bank, Iranian Biological Resource Centre (IBRC), ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gülru Bulkan
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
| | - Meltem Yesilcimen Akbas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gebze Technical University, Gebze-Kocaeli 41400, Turkey
| | - Ashok Pandey
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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