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de Sousa Cutrim TA, Eloy MA, Barcelos FF, Meireles LM, de Freitas Ferreira LC, Reis TA, Gonçalves SS, Lacerda V, Fronza M, Morais PAB, Scherer R. New thymol-derived triazole exhibits promising activity against Trichophyton rubrum. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1287-1295. [PMID: 38453819 PMCID: PMC11153403 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have emerged worldwide, and azole antifungals are widely used to control these infections. However, the emergence of antifungal resistance has been compromising the effectiveness of these drugs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and cytotoxic activities of the nine new 1,2,3 triazole compounds derived from thymol that were synthesized through Click chemistry. The binding mode prediction was carried out by docking studies using the crystallographic structure of Lanosterol 14α-demethylase G73E mutant from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The new compounds showed potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum but did not show relevant action against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. For T. rubrum, molecules nº 5 and 8 showed promising results, emphasizing nº 8, whose fungicidal and fungistatic effects were similar to fluconazole. In addition, molecule nº 8 showed low toxicity for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, concluding that this compound demonstrates promising characteristics for developing a new drug for dermatophytosis caused by T. rubrum, or serves as a structural basis for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Antonio de Sousa Cutrim
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Eloy
- Agrochemical Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando Fontes Barcelos
- Plant Biotechnology Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Leandra Martins Meireles
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | | | - Tatiana Alves Reis
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah Santos Gonçalves
- Center for Research in Medical Mycology, Department of Pathology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Chemistry Graduate Program, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Fronza
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Agrochemical Graduate Program, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espirito Santo, 29500-000, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Scherer
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Vila Velha, Comissário José Dantas de Melo St., 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil.
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Yang X, Jiang S, Zhang M, Li T, Jin Z, Wu X, Chi YR. Discovery of novel piperidine-containing thymol derivatives as potent antifungal agents for crop protection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38817109 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant fungal diseases pose a significant threat to crop production. The extensive use of chemical pesticides has led to growing environmental safety risks and pesticide resistance of various plant pathogens. Therefore, it is an urgent task to explore novel eco-friendly fungicidal agents with high efficacy to combat fungal infection. RESULTS In this study, we rationally designed a series of novel thymol derivatives by incorporation of the sulfonamide moiety and evaluated their biological activities against plant pathogenic fungi. The bioassay results underscored the remarkable in vitro antifungal activity of compounds 5m and 5t against Phytophthora capsici (P. capsici), with EC50 values of 8.420 and 8.414 μg/mL, respectively. Their efficacies were superior to that of widely used commercial fungicides azoxystrobin (AZO, 20.649 μg/mL) and cabendazim (CAB, 251.625 μg/mL). Furthermore, compound 5v exhibited excellent in vitro antifungal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (S. sclerotiorum), with an EC50 value of 12.829 μg/mL, significantly outperforming AZO (63.629 μg/mL). In vivo bioassays demonstrated the impactful activity of compound 5v against S. sclerotiorum, achieving over 98% curative and protective efficacies at the concentration of 200 μg/mL. Further mechanistic investigations unveiled that compound 5v induced mycelial shrinkage and collapse in S. sclerotiorum, resulting in organelle damage and the accumulation of antioxidant enzyme activity. CONCLUSION The significant antifungal efficacy of the prepared thymol derivatives shall encourage further exploration of compound 5v as a promising candidate to develop novel fungicides for crop protection. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shichun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhichao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonggui Robin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide; Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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Park HE, Nebert L, King RM, Busby P, Myers JR. Influence of organic plant breeding on the rhizosphere microbiome of common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1251919. [PMID: 37954997 PMCID: PMC10634438 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction We now recognize that plant genotype affects the assembly of its microbiome, which in turn, affects essential plant functions. The production system for crop plants also influences the microbiome composition, and as a result, we would expect to find differences between conventional and organic production systems. Plant genotypes selected in an organic regime may host different microbiome assemblages than those selected in conventional environments. We aimed to address these questions using recombinant inbred populations of snap bean that differed in breeding history. Methods Rhizosphere microbiomes of conventional and organic common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were characterized within a long-term organic research site. The fungal and bacterial communities were distinguished using pooled replications of 16S and ITS amplicon sequences, which originated from rhizosphere samples collected between flowering and pod set. Results Bacterial communities significantly varied between organic and conventional breeding histories, while fungal communities varied between breeding histories and parentage. Within the organically-bred populations, a higher abundance of a plant-growth-promoting bacteria, Arthrobacter pokkalii, was identified. Conventionally-bred beans hosted a higher abundance of nitrogen-fixing bacteria that normally do not form functional nodules with common beans. Fungal communities in the organically derived beans included more arbuscular mycorrhizae, as well as several plant pathogens. Discussion The results confirm that the breeding environment of crops can significantly alter the microbiome community composition of progeny. Characterizing changes in microbiome communities and the plant genes instrumental to these changes will provide essential information about how future breeding efforts may pursue microbiome manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E. Park
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Lucas Nebert
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ryan M. King
- National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Posy Busby
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - James R. Myers
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Almeida Lima AM, Teixeira RR, Moraes WB, Rocha MR, Moraes AFC, Gomes SC, Gazolla PR, Silva SF, Queiroz VT, Fonseca VR, Romão W, Bezerra Morais PA, Lacerda V, Magalhães de Abreu L, Oliveira FM, Vital de Oliveira O, Costa AV. Synthesis and Fungicide Activity on Asperisporium caricae of Glycerol Derivatives Bearing 1,2,3-Triazole Fragments. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:6818-6829. [PMID: 37104821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c08941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In agriculture, the control of fungal infections is essential to improve crop quality and productivity. This study describes the preparation and fungicidal activity evaluation of 12 glycerol derivatives bearing 1,2,3-triazole fragments. The derivatives were prepared from glycerol in four steps. The key step corresponded to the Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction between the azide 4-(azidomethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane (3) and different terminal alkynes (57-91% yield). The compounds were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The in vitro assessment of the compounds on Asperisporium caricae, that is, the etiological agent of papaya black spot, at 750 mg L-1 showed that the glycerol derivatives significantly inhibited conidial germination with different degrees of efficacy. The most active compound 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1-((2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (4c) presented a 91.92% inhibition. In vivo assays revealed that 4c reduced the final severity (70.7%) and area under the disease severity progress curve of black spots on papaya fruits 10 days after inoculation. The glycerol-bearing 1,2,3-triazole derivatives also present agrochemical-likeness properties. Our in silico study using molecular docking calculations show that all triazole derivatives bind favorably to the sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) active site at the same region of the substrate lanosterol (LAN) and fungicide propiconazole (PRO). Thus, the mechanism of action of the compounds 4a-4l may be the same as the fungicide PRO, blocking the entrance/approximation of the LAN into the CYP51 active site by steric effects. The reported results point to the fact that the glycerol derivatives may represent a scaffold to be explored for the development of new chemical agents to control papaya black spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maria Almeida Lima
- Departamento de Química e Física, Grupo de Pesquisa de Estudos Aplicados em Produtos Naturais e Síntese Orgânica (GEAPS), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Róbson Ricardo Teixeira
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Willian Bucker Moraes
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, s/n, Guararema, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Matheus Ricardo Rocha
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, s/n, Guararema, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Arlan Figueiredo Carvalho Moraes
- Departamento de Química e Física, Grupo de Pesquisa de Estudos Aplicados em Produtos Naturais e Síntese Orgânica (GEAPS), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Sâmela Cansi Gomes
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, s/n, Guararema, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Poliana Rodrigues Gazolla
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Silma Francielle Silva
- Departamento de Química, Grupo de Síntese e Pesquisa de Compostos Bioativos (GSPCB), Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs, s/n, Viçosa 36570-900, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Vagner Tebaldi Queiroz
- Departamento de Química e Física, Grupo de Pesquisa de Estudos Aplicados em Produtos Naturais e Síntese Orgânica (GEAPS), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Victor Rocha Fonseca
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense Epartamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Romão
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense Epartamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Bezerra Morais
- Departamento de Química e Física, Grupo de Pesquisa de Estudos Aplicados em Produtos Naturais e Síntese Orgânica (GEAPS), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Valdemar Lacerda
- Laboratório de Petroleômica e Forense Epartamento de Química, Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Av. Fernando Ferrari 514, Vitória 29075-910, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
| | - Lucas Magalhães de Abreu
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa 36570-977, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Marques Oliveira
- Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais (IFMG), Campus Ouro Branco, Ouro Branco 36420-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Adilson Vidal Costa
- Departamento de Química e Física, Grupo de Pesquisa de Estudos Aplicados em Produtos Naturais e Síntese Orgânica (GEAPS), Universidade Federal Do Espírito Santo, Alto Universitário, Alegre 29500-000, Espírito Santo State, Brazil
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Arora H, Sharma A, Sharma S. Thyme essential oil fostering the efficacy of aqueous extract of licorice against fungal phytopathogens of Capsicum annuum L. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:466-473. [PMID: 37005199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum annuum L. production is impeded by various biotic factors, including fungal diseases caused by Colletotrichum capsici, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Fusarium oxysporum. Various plant extracts and essential oils are increasingly used to control different plant diseases. In this study, licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) cold water extract (LAE) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TO) were found to be highly effective against the C. annuum pathogens. LAE at 200 mg ml-1 demonstrated the maximum antifungal activity of 89.9% against P. aphanidermatum, whereas TO at 0.25 mg ml-1 showed 100% inhibition of C. capsici. However, when used in combination, much lower doses of these plant protectants (100 mg ml-1 LAE and 0.125 mg ml-1 TO) exhibited a synergistic effect in controlling the fungal pathogens. Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high resolution-liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry analysis showed the presence of several bioactive compounds. Enhanced cellular components leakage revealed damage to the fungal cell wall and membrane due to and LAE treatment, which can be attributed to the TO lipophilicity and triterpenoid saponins of LAE. TO and LAE treatments also caused a reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis might be due to the presence of thymol and sterol components in the botanicals. Although the aqueous extracts have a low preparation cost, their uses are limited by modest shelf life and lacklustre antifungal effect. We have shown that these limitations can be bypassed by combining oil (TO) with the aqueous extract (LAE). This study further opens the avenues for utilizing these botanicals against other fungal phytopathogens.
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Transcriptomics Reveals the Effect of Thymol on the Growth and Toxin Production of Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020142. [PMID: 35202169 PMCID: PMC8877954 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a harmful pathogen causing head blight in cereals such as wheat and barley, and thymol has been proven to inhibit the growth of many pathogens. This study aims to explore the fungistatic effect of thymol on F. graminearum and its mechanism. Different concentrations of thymol were used to treat F. graminearum. The results showed that the EC50 concentration of thymol against F. graminearum was 40 μg/mL. Compared with the control group, 40 μg/mL of thymol reduced the production of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and 3-Ac-DON by 70.1% and 78.2%, respectively. Our results indicate that thymol can effectively inhibit the growth and toxin production of F. graminearum and cause an extensive transcriptome response. Transcriptome identified 16,727 non-redundant unigenes and 1653 unigenes that COG did not annotate. The correlation coefficients between samples were all >0.941. When FC was 2.0 times, a total of 3230 differential unigenes were identified, of which 1223 were up-regulated, and 2007 were down-regulated. Through the transcriptome, we confirmed that the expression of many genes involved in F. graminearum growth and synthesis of DON and other secondary metabolites were also changed. The gluconeogenesis/glycolysis pathway may be a potential and important way for thymol to affect the growth of F. graminearum hyphae and the production of DON simultaneously.
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